“…In South American forests, the expansion of anthropogenic treeless ecosystems started with the growing human populations more than 6000 years ago, as a consequence of changes in fire regimes, clearing for logging and later conversion into agriculture and open rangelands (Marchant et al 2009;Armesto et al 2010;Mundo et al 2017). However, it is not until the last two centuries that unprecedented high rates of forest disruption were documented (Grau et al 2008;Hoyos et al 2013Hoyos et al ,2018Armenteras et al 2017;Cabido et al 2018;Rojido et al 2021). According to Graesser et al (2015) from 2001 to 2013, 57% of new pastureland replaced forests throughout Latin America.…”