The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between glyphosate and phosphate fertilizer application and their contribution to surface water runoff contamination. The study was performed in Aquic Argiudoll soil (Tezanos Pinto series). Four treatments were assessed on three dates of rainfall simulation after fertilizer and herbicide application. The soluble phosphorus in runoff water was determined by a colorimetric method. For the determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), a method based on fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC) group derivatization, solid phase extraction (SPE) purification, and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was employed. The application of phosphorus fertilizer resulted in an increased loss of glyphosate by runoff after 1 day of application. These results suggest the need for further study to understand the interactions and to determine appropriate application timing with the goal of reducing the pollution risk by runoff.

Mollisols are a fundamental component of global agricultural production. In the Argentine Pampas region, 65% of the Mollisols belong to Argiudoll great group. These soils have an agricultural aptitude, with limitations given mainly by varying thickness of the top horizon A as a result of the severity of water erosion depending on its site in the landscape layered on an argillic B horizon. Over the last three decades, Pampean agriculture has been widespread because of a modern technological matrix characterized by transgenic crops, and increasing use of fertilizers and pesticides. Large changes have taken place in crop sequence composition, toward the disappearance of pastures and the rapid expansion of soybean monoculture due to the upward trend of the international price of this commodity. This review contributes to an alertness regarding the significance of the soil degradation problem, in terms of decline in soil fertility and structural condition, decrease in size of soil aggregates, surface and subsurface compaction, decrease in organic carbon content, soil and water contamination, reduction of infiltration rate and structure stability, causing an increase in water losses through surface runoff and water erosion and lost ecosystem services. Additionally, a set of sustainable land management practices and legal aspects is shown.

Palabras clave: contaminación, herbicida, cuantificación, inmunoensayo RESUMENLos herbicidas constituyen fuentes potenciales de contaminación, siendo el agua uno de los componentes del ambiente más vulnerables. El glifosato (N-fosfonometil glicina) es el herbicida más utilizado a escala mundial. Actualmente, la información referida a su efecto sobre el agua resulta insuficiente, dado fundamentalmente por los altos costos de los análisis de laboratorio. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron evaluar el empleo de la técnica de ELISA como una herramienta rápida para el monitoreo de la calidad de aguas y cuantificar la concentración de glifosato por medio de la técnica de UHPLC-MS/MS. Cuando la técnica de ELISA determina valores positivos de glifosato, se requiere la cuantificación mediante la técnica de UHPLC-MS/MS para determinar la concentración exacta de glifosato en dichas muestras. Los resultados sugieren que la técnica de ELISA es factible de ser implementada en programas de monitoreo de aguas, constituyendo un método exploratorio que permite detectar cualitativamente la presencia o ausencia de glifosato.Key words: contamination, glyphosate, quantification, immunoassay ABSTRACTHerbicides are potential sources of pollution; water being one of the most vulnerable components of the environment. Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is the most widely used herbicide worldwide. Currently, the information on its effect on water is insufficient, mainly because of the high costs of lab tests. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of the ELISA technique as a quick tool for monitoring water quality and to quantify the concentration of glyphosate through the technique of UHPLC-MS/MS. When ELISA positive values determined glyphosate, quantification Rev. Int. Contam.

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La evaluación del efecto de los sistemas agrícolas sobre el ambiente es fundamental para minimizar sus impactos negativos. Este estudio evalúa las pérdidas de agua, sedimentos y herbicidas por escurrimiento en distintas secuencias agrícolas, luego de una precipitación próxima a la pulverización. Fue realizado en parcelas de escurrimiento bajo lluvia natural, en INTA Paraná. Las secuencias de cultivo evaluadas fueron: soja continua (S), soja continua con trigo como cultivo de cobertura (CC-S) y trigo/soja (T/S) bajo siembra directa, las cuales fueron pulverizadas con glifosato y cletodim. Considerando el total de los datos analizados, los porcentajes perdidos en escurrimiento de glifosato y cletodim respecto a lo aplicado oscilaron entre 5,3-13,5% y 2,6-5,9%, respectivamente. Las pérdidas de suelo y AMPA (concentración) fueron mayores para S. Se resalta la importancia de las condiciones meteorológicas posteriores a las pulverizaciones para reducir el riesgo de aportes difusos de agroquímicos hacia cuerpos de agua.

Argentina is one of the countries with a vibrant agricultural sector, which provides both economic development opportunities and environmental challenges. Argentina was selected as a case study due to its rich land degradation data, its diverse agroecological systems, and rapid poverty reduction. The country also represents high human development index countries. This study reports the cost of

The addition of organic and inorganic amendments can improve soil structure and reduce soil compaction. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate whether the application of amendments reduces penetration resistance (PR) in the short term and describe the spatial variability of PR in the surface horizon of an Aquic Argiudoll under no-tillage in northeast Argentina. Four treatments, consisting of surface applications of 7.5 Mg ha−1 poultry litter (PL), 3.0 Mg ha−1 gypsum (G), the combination of PL+G, and untreated control (T), were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replications. Two more treatments were added to the experiment 12 months later, consisting of PL reapplications on half of the surface of the PL+G and PL treatments (PL+G+PL and PL+PL, respectively) in a split-plot design with three replications in 4×20-m plots. PR was determined in the field with an Eijkelkamp penetrologger following a 2-m long transect perpendicular to the sowing direction at 10 different spots separated 0.2 m from each other. The spatial variability was quantified for each treatment using semivariograms. The highest PR was observed in the T treatment (1.96 MPa) and the lowest PR in PL+G+PL (0.21 MPa). All treatments showed a high spatial dependence (94.9 to 99.9%). Treatments with PL reapplication (PL+PL and PL+G+PL) showed profiles with lower PR and more homogeneous kriging maps. PL reapplication on PL treatments showed no effects on PR values. However, PL reapplication on the PL+G treatment led to positive effects in all PR ranges. Thus, the PL+G+PL treatment, which had the highest PR values, showed a decrease in PR from 54.17 to 6.65% with the reapplication 12 months later. The addition of organic and inorganic amendments reduced specific compacted soil areas on the surface horizon of an Aquic Argiudoll under no-tillage.