“…Conversely, alcohol preferring (AA) rats may exhibit depressive-like characteristics following voluntary alcohol intake compared to alcohol non-preferring (ANA) rats (Viglinskaya et al 1995). Although various theories have attempted to explain the association between AUD and depression, it appears that a number of factors, including genetic predisposition and alterations in neurochemical substrates, such as the noradrenergic system, may contribute to this co-morbidity (Balsamo et al, 2016; Bravo et al, 2017; Donadon and Osorio, 2016; Getachew et al, 2010; Jung et al, 2016; Kalejaye et al, 2013; Merikangas and Gelernter, 1990; Ovestreet et al, 2005; Rezvani et al, 2002, 2007; Rincon-Hoyos, et al, 2016). …”