Personality, Subjective Well-Being, and the Serotonin 1a Receptor Gene in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Abstract

1Of the three rating-based studies of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) personality, one 2 did not find domains resembling those labeled Conscientiousness or Openness. Because this 3 discrepancy may have been partly attributable to the fact that many purported markers of 4 Conscientiousness were excluded because of concerns about interrater reliability. We 5 therefore followed up this study by increasing the number of common marmosets that were 6 rated, bringing it up to 128 from 77. We also gathered the same amount of new data on 7 subjective well-being and genetic data related to serotonin 1a receptor polymorphisms. Factor 8 analysis revealed evidence for an Openness domain and a domain labeled "Impulsiveness" 9 that combined low Conscientiousness and high emotional instability. The other domains 10 included Sociability, Dominance, and Negative Affect, and resembled those found in 11 previous studies of common marmoset personality. Correlations between these factors were 12 higher than expected and a second-order factor analysis indicated the presence of a domain, 13 Pro-Sociality, related to high Sociability and both low Dominance and Impulsiveness, and a 14 domain, Boldness, related to high Openness and low Negative Affect. Further analyses could 15 not discern the extent to which Pro-Sociality and Boldness were not artifacts, but a higher-16 level of personality organization in this species. Correlations between the domains and the 17 subjective well-being measures were consistent with those found in other species and 18 supported the construct validity of the factors. There were no reliable associations between 19 personality and genotype. New analytic methods and larger samples may help to better 20 understand personality in common marmosets. 21 Keywords: higher-order, assessment, temperament, behavioral syndrome, callitrichid 22 common marmosets that were housed in the Kobe, Japan campus of the Institute of Physical 87 and Chemical Research (RIKEN), a Japanese research organization for basic and applied 88 science. This earlier study did not find evidence for a Conscientiousness or Patience domain; 89 it also did not find evidence for an Openness domain (Inoue-Murayama et al., 2018). Because 90Conscientiousness, Openness, and possibly Patience, were found in two previous studies 91 (Iwanicki & Lehmann, 2015;Koski et al., 2017), the failure to find one or more of these 92 domains in the RIKEN sample is puzzling. One possible reason for these differences with 93 regards to Conscientiousness or Patience is that, of the items that Inoue-Murayama et al. 94(2018) removed because they had interrater reliability estimates that were less than zero, two 95 MARMOSET PERSONALITY 6 (reckless and unperceptive) were associated with Conscientiousness and three (inventive, 96 persistent, and quitting) were associated with Patience in Koski et al.'s (2017) study. 2 The 97negative interrater reliabilities of these items suggest that there was either very little between-98

The nonhuman primate neuroimaging and neuroanatomy project

“…Vasopressin and oxytocin are neuropeptides implicated in the development and maintenance of social behaviors in mammals ( Donaldson and Young, 2008 ; Meyer-Lindenberg et al, 2011 ). Recently, we showed that marmosets’ prosocial behaviors and individual variability are associated with the vasopressin V1a receptor gene ( AVPR1A ) and other genetic polymorphisms related to oxytocin and dopamine transmission ( Inoue-Murayama et al, 2018 ; Weiss et al, 2020 ). Based on these preliminary data, the NHP_NNP project plans to investigate the association of the neuroimaging-based brain connectome with genetic polymorphism and social behaviors.…”

“…For the social behaviors of marmosets, we plan to perform reliable assessments by a well-established personality rating scale, Hominoid Personality Questionnaire ( Weiss, 2017 ; Weiss et al, 2009 ), which proved to be reproducibly correlated with other biological markers and genotyping in marmosets ( Inoue-Murayama et al, 2018 ; Weiss et al,2020 ) . The reliability of this behavioral analysis is based on long-term housing and observations (>one year) by the animal keepers.…”

Temporal consistency and ecological validity of personality structure in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): A unifying field and laboratory approach

“…Common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus ) are highly social cooperatively breeding New World primates that live in cohesive family groups in a variety of different habitats, from the Atlantic rain forest to the semiarid area of shrub forests (Garber et al, 2019) and have been studied in a variety of socio‐cognitive questions (Schiel & Souto, 2017). In recent years, these monkeys have become the focus of personality studies under lab conditions: they display consistent interindividual differences when assessed in a battery of experiments (Díaz et al, 2020; Koski & Burkart, 2015; Šlipogor et al, 2016; Tomassetti et al, 2019), observations (Martin et al, 2019; Masilkova et al, 2020; Šlipogor et al, 2020), questionnaires (Inoue‐Murayama et al, 2018; Koski et al, 2017; Weiss et al, 2020), and by using a combination of several different personality assessment methods (Iwanicki & Lehmann, 2015; Šlipogor et al, 2020). However, little is known about long‐term consistency of their personality structure, and no study to this date assessed the personality of wild common marmoset populations.…”

Personality structure in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).

“…1A third study of common marmosets by Inoue-Murayama et al (2018) did not find a Conscientiousness domain although that does not appear to be the last word for that sample (Weiss et al, 2020). …”

“…Dolphins, for example, form complex social bonds (Lusseau et al, 2006;Moreno & Acevedo-Gutiérrez, 2016), use tools and display cultural traditions (Krützen et al, 2005), engage in prosocial behavior (Nakahara et al, 2017), possess cognitive abilities related to imitation, cooperation, and vocal recognition (Bruck, 2013;Jaakkola et al, 2010Jaakkola et al, , 2018, have nonconceptive sex (Furuichi et al, 2013), and engage in sexual coercion and Machiavellian behavior (Kuczaj et al, 2001;Wallen et al, 2016). Thus, overlapping dolphin and primate personality structures would suggest that characteristics of primates that are not shared with dolphins (e.g., 1 A third study of common marmosets by Inoue-Murayama et al (2018) did not find a Conscientiousness domain although that does not appear to be the last word for that sample (Weiss et al, 2020).…”