Personality factors in symptomatic chronic alcoholism as indicated by the Thematic Apperception Test.

Klebanoff, Seymour G.

doi:10.1037/h0060141

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…According to a recent survey it is one of the two most widely used tests of personality [13] and an extensive body of literature concerned with it has accumulated. The validity and reliability of the test have been reasonably well established [4,5,6,9,11,15,21] and much has been written of its clinical applications [10,12,14,18,19]. However, one of the serious deficiencies in the literature is the lack of adequate normative data for the test.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequencies of themes and identifications in the stories of schizophrenic patients and non-hospitalized college students.

Eron¹

1948

Journal of Consulting Psychology

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S INCE the introduction of the TAT in 1935 [16], the technique has had a wide and varied application in clinical situations and in research. According to a recent survey it is one of the two most widely used tests of personality [13] and an extensive body of literature concerned with it has accumulated. The validity and reliability of the test have been reasonably well established [4,5,6,9,11,15,21] and much has been written of its clinical applications [10,12,14,18,19]. However, one of the serious deficiencies in the literature is the lack of adequate normative data for the test. Many investigators state different characteristics as representative of the same clinical group and the same characteristics as representative of different clinical groups [10,14,18,19,20]. None of them, however, give frequencies substantiating these diagnostic cues. Rather, they seem to be the result of the published with the permission of the chief medical director, Department of Medicine and Surgery, V.A., who assumes no responsibility for the opinions expressed or conclusions drawn by the author.

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confidence: 99%

Frequencies of themes and identifications in the stories of schizophrenic patients and non-hospitalized college students.

Eron¹

1948

Journal of Consulting Psychology

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“…Data from the tests add not only to our knowledge of response patterns more or less typical of various disorders, but in some cases contribute to an understanding of the type of personality in which certain symptoms develop. For example, a study of alcoholics, using the TAT, presents a striking summary of certain deviating attitudes found in one type of alcoholic addict (44). Similar uses have been made of other tests.…”

Section: Uses Of Projective Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Projective methods.

Sargent¹,

Hirsch²

An Introduction to Clinical Psychology, 2nd Ed.

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A SUBTITLE for this chapter might well be "A Projective Approach to Personality," since the difference between this and other modes of studying the personality (e.g., inventories, rating scales, questionnaires ) lies more in the kinds of data observed, and in the interpretation of these data, than in the specific tools used in the investigation. It is true, as we shall see below, that certain techniques and methods are more amenable to the projective approach than others, but the general approach used with tests explicitly constructed as "projective" is not necessarily limited only to these instruments. This projective approach indeed has its origins in concepts of personality which are in many respects at variance with concepts used in the application of inventories and similar techniques. Greater stress is placed on motivation; there is more emphasis on the patterning of experience and attitudes within the individual, rather than primarily upon intergroup comparisons; and a more holistic (and at one time radical) philosophy for the science of personality initiated the development of this approach.

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“…of the type of personality in which certain symptoms develop. For example, a recent study of alcoholics using the TAT presents a striking summary of certain deviating attitudes found in one type of alcoholic addict(31). Similar use has been made of other tests.EvaluationThe special features, the clinical usefulness, and the peculiar advantages of projective methods have been stressed throughout this chapter.…”

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confidence: 88%

Projective methods.

Sargent¹

An Introduction to Clinical Psychology.

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THE TERM "PROJECTIVE METHODS" is used to describe a class of personality tests which differ in several important respects from the inventory, questionnaire, and rating scale methods of personality measurement. Projective tests, in addition to their differences in administrative technique and in interpretation, have their origin in concepts of personality which are in many respects at variance with those commonly utilized in the field of trait measurement. Greater stress is placed upon motivation; there is more emphasis upon the patterning of experience and attitude within the individual rather than primarily upon intergroup comparisons ; and a more radical philosophy for the science of personality study has been evolved to justify their development.Nature of Projective Tests.-Projective tests utilize various types of ambiguous stimuli, such as ink blots, pictures, incomplete stories, or construction materials such as finger paint, clay, or blocks. Subjects are simply required to respond to the materials in some manner which seems to them appropriate. For example, they may be asked to tell what the ink blot suggests, to tell a story about a picture, or to make from blocks or plastic materials some object of their own choosing. Within the framework of such flexible directions, complete freedom is allowed.The common-sense basis for this approach to the study of personality is apparent if we consider a few facts of everyday observance. No two people perceive the world around them in exactly the same way, or behave in exactly the same manner in response to the same stimulus. We differ in our tastes in people, music, food, and even weather. Or, if we like the same things, we are likely to do so for different reasons. Individuality appears also in our observations. When two people look out of the same window, one sees a passing car, the other looks at the trees. Attention is, in other words, selective, and selection varies with the attitude and experience of the attending person.Consider, also, three people on a picnic, watching the clouds at sundown. One is a youth just returned from service in the Navy. His friends are not surprised when, in the formations among the clouds, he discerns something which appears like a ship in the distance. One of the girls sees a face, and identifies it with someone she knows. A third member of the group sees an expanse of countryside with mountains in the distance. The significance of these associations, at least from the su-416

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Personality factors in symptomatic chronic alcoholism as indicated by the Thematic Apperception Test.

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

Frequencies of themes and identifications in the stories of schizophrenic patients and non-hospitalized college students.

Frequencies of themes and identifications in the stories of schizophrenic patients and non-hospitalized college students.

Projective methods.

Projective methods.

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