Personality distortion and early institutional care.

Lowrey, Lawson G.

doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1940.tb05725.x

Cited by 101 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Institutional care does not provide children with the physical and social stimulation necessary for healthy development, which affects their ability to make smooth transitions from one developmental stage to another throughout their lives (Freud & Burlingham, 1944;Goldfarb, 1945;Spitz, 1949;Provence & Lipton, 1962;Tizard & Joseph, 1970;Tizard & Rees, 1974Tizard & Hodges, 1977). In addition to concerns about growth and development, researchers have documented severe behavior and emotional problems of children brought up in institutions (Lowrey, 1940;Bender & Yarnell, 1941;Goldfarb, , 1944aGoldfarb, , 1944bGoldfarb, , 1945Wolkind, 1974), as well as learning problems such as poor reading ability (Pringle & Bossio, 1960;Mapstone, 1969) and deficits in intellectual functioning (Goldfarb, 1944a(Goldfarb, , 1944b. Emotional and behavioral problems include aggressive or antisocial behavior.…”

Section: The Effects Of Institutionalization On Childrenmentioning

confidence: 97%

A follow-up study of adopted children from Romania

Groze

Ileana²

1996

Child Adolesc Soc Work J

106

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Romania became notorious in recent history for the problems in its child welfare system. A black cloud continues to hang over the country since media reports, such as 20/20's "Shame of a Nation," and other writings and broadcasts have focused worldwide attention on the child welfare problems in Romania. During this same time period from 1990 to 1993, several thousand children were adopted from Romania by North American families. This study describes the positive and negative aspects of children adopted from Romania. It gives particular attention to the experiences of families who adopted children from institutional settings compared to other placements.

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Section: The Effects Of Institutionalization On Childrenmentioning

confidence: 97%

A follow-up study of adopted children from Romania

Groze

Ileana²

1996

Child Adolesc Soc Work J

106

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“…Observations from clinical studies showed that a disturbance or interruption of the child-parent interaction leads to the so-called hospitalism syndrome (23), which later can result in severe and permanent deficits in speech behavior (24), personality development (2,3,25), intellectual and social capacity (26), and mental disturbances (27,28). Studies in non-human primates and in rodents revealed strikingly similar behavioral disturbances in response to the socioemotional environment during early life periods (29)(30)(31)(32).…”

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confidence: 99%

Juvenile emotional experience alters synaptic composition in the rodent cortex, hippocampus, and lateral amygdala

Poeggel

Helmeke

Abraham

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A quantitative anatomical study in the rodent anterior cingulate and somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, and lateral amygdala revealed region-, cell-, and dendrite-specific changes of spine densities in 3-week-old Octodon degus after repeated parental separation. In parentally separated animals significantly higher spine densities were found on the apical and basal dendrites of the cingulate cortex (up to 143% on apical and 138% on basal dendrite). Branching order analysis revealed that this effect is seen on all segments of the apical dendrite, whereas on the basal dendrites significantly higher spine densities were seen only on the outer branches (third to fifth dendritic segments). Increased spine densities were also observed on the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons (up to 109% on the distal apical segments and up to 106% on the basal segment) compared with the control group. In contrast, significantly reduced spine densities were observed on the granule cell dendrites in the dentate gyrus (down to 92%) and on the apical dendrites in the medial nucleus of the amygdala (down to 95%). No significant changes of spine densities were seen in the somatosensory cortex (except for an increase in the proximal apical segments) and in the lateral nucleus of the dorsal amygdala (except for an increase in the proximal basal dendritic segments). These results demonstrate that repeated stressful emotional experience alters the balance of presumably excitatory synaptic inputs of pyramidal neurons in the limbic system. Such experience-induced modulations of limbic circuits may determine psychosocial and cognitive capacities during later life.limbic system ͉ stress ͉ dendritic spines ͉ parental separation ͉ cingulate cortex

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“…Of the studies on hospitalization discussed here, Spitz's work on the effects of hospitalization was the most influential if we go by the number of citations, but it also came under heavy criticism. Spitz (1945) paper alone has more citations than the other studies discussed here combined (Lowrey 1940;Bakwin 1942;Edelston 1943;Goldfarb 1943aGoldfarb , b, c, d, 1944Goldfarb , 1945aGoldfarb , b, 1947Goldfarb , 1949). …”

Section: Studies On the 'Hospitalization Effect'mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the first to address the issue of hospitalization was psychiatrist Lawson Lowrey (1940). He observed "the development and integration of personality" (p. 576) of 28 children who were placed in foster homes and of which nine were described in detail.…”

Section: Studies On the 'Hospitalization Effect'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Loneliness in Infancy: Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and Issues of Separation

Horst

Veer

2008

Integr. psych. behav.

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In this contribution, the authors give an overview of the different studies on the effect of separation and deprivation that drew the attention of many in the 1940s and 1950s. Both Harlow and Bowlby were exposed to and influenced by these different studies on the so called 'hospitalization' effect. The work of Bakwin, Goldfarb, Spitz, and others is discussed and attention is drawn to films that were used to support new ideas on the effects of maternal deprivation.Keywords Separation . Maternal deprivation . Hospitalization effect . History of psychology . Attachment theory . Harlow . BowlbyFrom the 1930s through the 1950s clinical and experimental psychology were dominated by ideas from Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Watson's behaviorism. Although very different in their approach to the study of (human) behavior, psychoanalysts and behaviorists held common views on the nature of the bond between mother and infant. According to scientists from both disciplines the basis for this relationship was a secondary drive, i.e. the fact that the child valued and loved the mother was because she reduced his or her primary drive for food.The central figure of this special issue, American animal psychologist Harry Harlow , in the 1950s shifted his focus from studies of learning in monkeys (e.g., Harlow and Bromer 1938;Harlow 1949) to a more developmental approach-or in Harlow's own words a transition "from learning to love" (cf. Harlow and Harlow 1986). Inspired by the work of René Spitz (1945 Wolf 1946, 1949) on hospitalization, Harlow started his groundbreaking experiments on the effects of separation and deprivation in infant rhesus monkeys (e.g., Harlow 1958;Harlow and Zimmermann 1959). With his cloth and wire mother Integr Psych Behav (2008) 42:325-335

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Personality distortion and early institutional care.

Cited by 101 publications

References 0 publications

A follow-up study of adopted children from Romania

A follow-up study of adopted children from Romania

Juvenile emotional experience alters synaptic composition in the rodent cortex, hippocampus, and lateral amygdala

Loneliness in Infancy: Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and Issues of Separation

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