“…Chronotype is typically assessed by self-report questionnaires which are either one-dimensional with the opposites eveningness and morningness or two-dimensional assessing morningness and eveningness on separate scales. Individual differences in circadian rhythms have been validated by physiological parameters (for an overview, see Adan et al, 2012) and are associated with different outcome variables, such as various aspects of personality (e.g., Cavallera, Gatto, & Boari, 2014;Randler, Baumann, & Horzum, 2014), creative thinking (Giampietro & Cavallera, 2007) as well as life habits and cognitive abilities (for an overview see Cavallera & Giudici, 2008). In particular, studies applying a one-dimensional conceptualization found that morningness is related to conscientiousness and agreeableness, whereas the other personality traits showed small but negative associations with morningness (for a meta-analysis, see Tsaousis, 2010).…”