Personality and national identity: How the Big Five relate to civic and ethnic conceptions of nationhood

Abstract

In recent years, the concept of national identity has recaptured the imagination of public opinion research and with it individuals' conceptions of what it takes to be a “true” member of their nation. This investigation aims to add to the explanation of varying conceptions of nationhood by scrutinising their personality‐based foundations. It provides the first systematic analysis of a yet unstudied link between the Big Five personality traits and two ideal‐typical conceptions of nationhood: civic and ethnic national identity. Using 18 samples from six European countries (Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, and the United Kingdom), each containing around 1000 individuals, we uncover psychological underpinnings of attitudes towards national membership, revealing several consistent trait patterns. We find a negative relationship between openness to experience and an ethnic national identity, while conscientiousness associates positively with the civic ideal type of national identity content. The findings presented extend current understandings of how people conceptualise national belonging and provide evidence that distinct conceptions of nationhood are related to different dispositional foundations.

The Power of Everyday Networks in Nation-Building: The Case of Inter-Ethnic Friendships in Singapore

“…While the set criteria for the cognitive approach is to define national membership and draw the boundaries between national insiders and outsiders (e.g., "Are you a Singaporean citizen? "), an affective understanding underlines such phenomena as an attachment to and feelings about the nation (Hofstetter 2023). Our question "How close do you feel to Singapore?"…”

“…The literature generally distinguishes between a "civic" and an "ethnic" conception of nationhood as two ideal types (Ariely 2020). Whereas a civic conception characterises the notion of a nation as a community of equal citizens sharing a common set of political principles, values, and duties, an ethnic conception places greater emphasis on national descent and ancestry, history and commonly shared myths, and other sociocultural values (Hofstetter 2023).…”