Personal monitoring of benzene in Perth, Western Australia: The contribution of sources to non-industrial personal exposure

Horton, A.; Murray, Frank; Bulsara, Max; Hinwood, Andrea; Farrar, D.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.002

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…An Australian study 20 found results similar to ours. A mixedmodel analysis was performed to investigate various determinants, adjusting (including) for season, sex, age, and studying the effect of time spent commuting as well as refueling of a motor vehicle.…”

Section: Determinants Of Exposuresupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Benzene exposure has been determined by personal monitoring in an Australian study. 20 Similar to our average levels, the average levels during summer and winter were 1.76 and 1.86 mg/m 3 , respectively. In a European study (EXPOLIS) performed between 1996 and1998, the personal exposure levels of benzene ranged from 2 to 3 mg/m 3 in Helsinki, Basel, and Oxford, whereas higher levels were observed in Prague and Athens (8 and 12 mg/m 3 , respectively) 29 as well as in the United States.…”

Section: Model Data Compared With Other Reported Studiessupporting

confidence: 83%

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Determinants of personal exposure to some carcinogenic substances and nitrogen dioxide among the general population in five Swedish cities

Hagenbjörk-Gustafsson

Tornevi

Andersson

et al. 2013

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Environmental levels of airborne carcinogenic and related substances are comparatively better known than individual exposure and its determinants. We report on a personal monitoring program involving five Swedish urban populations. The aim of the program was to investigate personal exposure to benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The measurements were performed among 40 inhabitants during seven consecutive days, in one urban area each year, during 2000-2008. The estimated population exposure levels were 1.95 μg/m(3) for benzene, 0.56 μg/m(3) for 1,3-butadiene, 19.4 μg/m(3) for formaldehyde, and 14.1 μg/m(3) for NO2. Statistical analysis using a mixed-effects model revealed that time spent in traffic and time outdoors contributed to benzene and 1,3- butadiene exposure. For benzene, refueling a car was an additional determinant influencing the exposure level. Smoking or environmental tobacco smoke were significant determinants of exposure to NO2, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene. Those with a gas stove had higher NO2 exposure. Living in a single-family house increased the exposure to formaldehyde significantly. In a variance component model, the between-subject variance dominated for 1,3-butadiene and formaldehyde, whereas the between-city variance dominated for NO2. For benzene, the between-subject and between-cities variances were similar.

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Section: Determinants Of Exposuresupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Model Data Compared With Other Reported Studiessupporting

confidence: 83%

Determinants of personal exposure to some carcinogenic substances and nitrogen dioxide among the general population in five Swedish cities

Hagenbjörk-Gustafsson

Tornevi

Andersson

et al. 2013

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…It has been reported that during car refuelling at the pump (stage II refueling), VOCs are displaced and without any further intervention this petrol vapour is vented to the atmosphere (Horton et al, 2006;Karakitsios et al, 2007a), resulting to concentrations that for benzene can be up to 10 times higher than the limit dictated by UFIP (2012) for average annual exposure. Furthermore, ENTEC (2005) quoted estimated emissions for the EU27 plus Croatia for vehicle refuelling of 87.2 kton (representing about 1% of total emissions of anthropogenic emissions).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical investigation of VOC levels in the area of petrol stations

Kountouriotis

Aleiferis

Charalambides

2014

Science of The Total Environment

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“…An Australian study reported that the micro‐environments with the highest concentrations of benzene were petrol stations (both at the bowser and general background), in covered car parks, inside vehicles and in homes with open fires or wood stoves 4 . Similarly, the activities with the highest levels of personal exposure from non‐industrial purposes were refuelling with petrol and commuting in both summer and winter 5 . Therefore, the frequency of refuelling with petrol could be a good indicator of non‐occupational benzene exposure, especially in non‐smokers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refuelling of vehicles, the use of wood burners and the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood

Bailey

Klerk

Fritschi

et al. 2011

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

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It is plausible that exposure of the parents before birth or of the child to sources of benzene increases the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The aim of this analysis was to investigate whether refuelling a vehicle with petrol before birth or burning wood to heat the home before or after the child's birth increased the risk of childhood ALL. Data from 389 cases and 876 frequency-matched controls were analysed using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for study matching factors and potential confounders. The odds ratio (OR) for the mother ever refuelling a vehicle with petrol for non-occupational purposes before or during the pregnancy was 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69, 1.38]. The OR for the father for this exposure in the year before conception was 0.88 [95% CI 0.52, 1.48]. The OR for use of a closed wood burner to heat the home in the year before or during pregnancy was 1.41 [95% CI 1.02, 1.94] and 1.25 [95% CI 0.92, 1.70] after birth. We found no evidence that non-occupational refuelling a vehicle with petrol in the year before or during pregnancy increased the risk of ALL in the offspring. There was weak evidence that burning wood in a closed burner to heat the home increased the risk, but there was no dose-response relationship and chance could explain the finding.

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Personal monitoring of benzene in Perth, Western Australia: The contribution of sources to non-industrial personal exposure

Cited by 13 publications

References 34 publications

Determinants of personal exposure to some carcinogenic substances and nitrogen dioxide among the general population in five Swedish cities

Determinants of personal exposure to some carcinogenic substances and nitrogen dioxide among the general population in five Swedish cities

Numerical investigation of VOC levels in the area of petrol stations

Refuelling of vehicles, the use of wood burners and the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood

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