Persistent Organic Chemicals in the Pacific Basin Countries: An Overview

Loganathan, Bommanna G.

doi:10.1021/bk-2016-1243.ch001

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…It has contaminated the marine and fresh water environment due to antifouling paint usage on boats and ships. Although TBT use as a marine antifouling agent was restricted in the United States in the 1980s (Loganathan, 2016;Loganathan, Kannan, Sajwan, & Owen, 2001) and banned by the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships in 2008 (Gipperth, 2009), it is still contaminating the environment due to its chemical stability (Gipperth, 2009) and use by those who do not acknowledge the ban. As a result, TBT has been found in human blood samples (ranging as high as 261 nM) and other tissues through the consumption of fish and other foods (Antizar-Ladislao, 2008;Kannan et al, 1995Kannan et al, , 1999Whalen, Loganathan, & Kannan, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Butyltin compounds alter secretion of interleukin 6 from human immune cells

Brown

Wilburn

Martin

et al. 2017

J of Applied Toxicology

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Butyltins (BTs), tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) are organotin compounds that have been used in a variety of industrial applications; as a result, these compounds have been found in human blood. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a proinflammatory mediator that is produced by T lymphocytes and monocytes. It is responsible for immune response regulation as well as tissue repair and cellular growth. Both BTs decrease the ability of human natural killer cells to destroy tumor cells and alter the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and IL-1 beta (β) from human lymphocytes ex vivo. Here, we show that BTs alter the secretion of IL-6 from increasingly reconstituted preparations of human immune cells. IL-6 secretion was examined after 24 hour, 48 hour or 6 day exposures to TBT and DBT in highly enriched human natural killer cells, monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), PBMCs, granulocytes and a preparation combining both PBMCs and granulocytes (PBMCs + granulocytes). The results indicated that both BTs altered IL-6 secretion from all cell preparations. Significant decreases of IL-6 secretion were seen at the highest concentration of TBT (200 nm) and DBT (5-2.5 μm) while the lower concentrations of DBT (0.05 and 0.1 μm) caused elevation of IL-6 secretion. The data indicate that BT-induced alterations of IL-6 secretion from immune cells may be a significant consequence of BT exposures that may potentially affect immune competence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Butyltin compounds alter secretion of interleukin 6 from human immune cells

Brown

Wilburn

Martin

et al. 2017

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…DDT is another organochlorine compound that continues to contaminate the environment, primarily due to its past and current use as an insecticide. Although DDT usage is banned in many industrialized countries due to its destructive and intense effects on the environment, it is still used in developing countries for public health purposes (Loganathan, ; Turusov, Rakitsky, & Tomatis, ). DDT has been discovered in serum at levels as high as 23, 169 ng/g of lipid (approximately 260 n m ) (Koepke et al, ; Trejo‐Acevedo et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposures to the environmental contaminants pentachlorophenol and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane increase production of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐1β, in human immune cells

Martin

Maise

Gabure

et al. 2019

J of Applied Toxicology

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Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) are organochlorine environmental contaminants found in human blood at very significant levels (as high as 5 μM for PCP and 260 nM for DDT). Cancers of the blood (lymphoma and myeloma) and kidney as well as others have been associated with exposure to these contaminants. Interleukin (IL)-1β is a proinflammatory cytokine and is involved in stimulating cell proliferation. High levels of IL-1β are associated with inflammatory diseases and tumor progression. Previous studies showed that PCP and DDT at certain concentrations were able to stimulate secretion of IL-1β. This study shows that the increased secretion of IL-1β seen with both contaminants is due to compound-induced increases in the production of this cytokine. Increased production began within 6 hours of exposure to PCP and continued to increase up to 24 hours.DDT-induced stimulation of IL-1β appeared to be maximal after 6 hours of exposure and then diminished by 24 hours. The increases seen in IL-1β production stimulated by PCP appear to be at least partially due to compound-induced increases in IL-1β mRNA. Although DDT caused increased production of IL-1β, it did not appear to cause consistent increases in its mRNA. PCP-and DDT-induced increases in IL-1β production were dependent primarily on the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These results indicate that both PCP and DDT are able to increase IL-1β production in a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent manner, which may have the potential to influence chronic inflammation.

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“…Although the insecticides have saved millions of lives from malaria and plague, their long-term impact on the environment could be devastating [48, 49]. Hence the competing public concern on controlling vector-borne disease and environmental risk associated with the use of insecticides should be balanced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity of a Binary Mixture of Pyrethroid Insecticides: d-Tetramethrin and Cyphenothrin

Mendis

Tennakoon

Jayasinghe

2018

Journal of Toxicology

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Pesguard FG161™, a mixture of d-tetramethrin and cyphenothrin (1:3 ratio), is extensively used to achieve rapid control of adult dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, during the disease outbreaks. Both d-tetramethrin and cyphenothrin are synthetic pyrethroids that are known to have adverse effects on non-mammalian organisms such as fish. The present study intended to use zebrafish embryo toxicity model to investigate the toxic effect of the above binary mixture on fish. Particularly, zebrafish embryo toxicity model provides an alternative to acute fish toxicity tests in terms of animal welfare perspective as the embryos are not considered live until 5 days after fertilization. The zebrafish embryos (2 hrs after fertilization) were exposed to a binary mixture of pyrethroids at different concentrations (d-tetramethrin: 0.01 – 1.20 μmolL−1 and cyphenothrin: 0.03 – 3.20 μmolL−1) for 24, 48, and 72 hrs at room temperature (26°C) according to the OECD guideline no. 236. Percentage mortality of embryos were calculated by observing the lethal endpoints and LC50 values were calculated for each time interval employing the probit analysis. This binary mixture was highly toxic to zebrafish embryos and was found to be concentration and time dependent. LC50 values at 24 hrs (d-tet: 0.58 μmolL−1, cyp: 1.74 μmolL−1) were significantly reduced in 48 hrs (d-tet: 0.11 μmolL−1, cyp: 0.33 μmolL−1) and 72 hrs (d-tet: 0.03 μmolL−1, cyp: 0.09 μmolL−1). Coagulation of embryos was the most common lethal effect observed and lack of somite formation and lack of heartbeat were also observed. The present study revealed that the binary mixture is highly toxic to zebrafish embryos even when based on nominal concentrations. Hence, extensive use of these pesticides could be detrimental to fish population and integrated vector control methods which involve the minimum use of insecticides are recommended. Further, this study highlights the applicability of zebrafish embryo toxicity model as an alternative method to investigate the toxicity of pyrethroids to fish.

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Persistent Organic Chemicals in the Pacific Basin Countries: An Overview

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

Butyltin compounds alter secretion of interleukin 6 from human immune cells

Butyltin compounds alter secretion of interleukin 6 from human immune cells

Exposures to the environmental contaminants pentachlorophenol and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane increase production of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐1β, in human immune cells

Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity of a Binary Mixture of Pyrethroid Insecticides: d-Tetramethrin and Cyphenothrin

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