Persistent bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in US beef herds

Wittum, Thomas E.; Grotelueschen, Dale M.; Brock, Kenny V.; Kvasnicka, William G.; Floyd, James G.; Kelling, Clayton L.; Odde, K. G.

doi:10.1016/s0167-5877(01)00181-7

Cited by 105 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…These observations may be helpful; however, results of previous research observed that only 19% of herds suspected of harboring PI cattle by the herd veterinarians were truly positive for PI cattle upon testing. 44 Understanding herd management practices is also important because prior research has demonstrated that the probability of introducing BVDV to the resident herd across a 10-year time frame when pregnant heifers were imported was 0.47 if the calves were not tested for BVDV upon parturition. 37 Therefore, knowledge of previous herd reproductive performance and management practices may influence the probability that the herd is BVDV positive and thereby modify the economic viability of selecting and implementing a whole-herd testing strategy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each BVDV testing protocol was applied at 3 herd prevalence (or probability of BVDV-infected herd) values (7.7%, 19%, 47%) selected from previous literature (USDA: 2009, Persistent infection of calves with bovine viral diarrhea virus on U.S. beef cow-calf operations) 43,44 to represent a range of realistic herd BVDV prevalence. Likewise, these values also represent the probability (0.077, 0.19, and 0.47) that any given herd within the population is BVDV positive.…”

Section: Model Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Simulation Model to Quantify the Value of Implementing Whole-HerdBovine Viral Diarrhea VirusTesting Strategies in Beef Cow–Calf Herds

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Although numerous diagnostic tests are available to identify cattle persistently infected (PI) with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cow-calf herds, data are sparse when evaluating the economic viability of individual tests or diagnostic strategies. Multiple factors influence BVDV testing in determining if testing should be performed and which strategy to use. A stochastic model was constructed to estimate the value of implementing various whole-herd BVDV cow-calf testing protocols. Three common BVDV tests (immunohistochemistry, antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymerase chain reaction) performed on skin tissue were evaluated as single-or two-test strategies. The estimated testing value was calculated for each strategy at 3 herd sizes that reflect typical farm sizes in the United States (50, 100, and 500 cows) and 3 probabilities of BVDV-positive herd status (0.077, 0.19, 0.47) based upon the literature. The economic value of testing was the difference in estimated gross revenue between simulated cowcalf herds that either did or did not apply the specific testing strategy. Beneficial economic outcomes were more frequently observed when the probability of a herd being BVDV positive was 0.47. Although the relative value ranking of many testing strategies varied by each scenario, the two-test strategy composed of immunohistochemistry had the highest estimated value in all but one herd size-herd prevalence permutation. These data indicate that the estimated value of applying BVDV whole-herd testing strategies is influenced by the selected strategy, herd size, and the probability of herd BVDV-positive status; therefore, these factors should be considered when designing optimum testing strategies for cow-calf herds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Model Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

A Simulation Model to Quantify the Value of Implementing Whole-HerdBovine Viral Diarrhea VirusTesting Strategies in Beef Cow–Calf Herds

et al. 2011

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“…1,3 The key source of BVDV infection is the BVDV persistently infected (PI) animal. 16 Such animals are the result of fetal exposure to the virus before the development of its immune system approximately between day 18 and day 125 of gestation. 1 Exposure to the virus before day 18 may result in embryonic death and apparent infertility, whereas exposure after day 125 is more commonly associated with abortion, stillbirths, or congenital abnormalities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Persistently infected calves are more efficient than transiently in-fected ones in spreading BVDV to other animals. 16 Current initiatives by the National Cattlemen Beef Association, American Association of Bovine Practitioners, the Academy of Veterinary Consultants, and state livestock associations to develop effective BVDV-control programs are underway. Control programs hinge on removal of the PI animal to eliminate the most important source of exposure, on effective vaccination programs, and on herd-level biosecurity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction on Pooled Samples to Detect Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus by using Fresh Ear-Notch—Sample Supernatants

2006

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Abstract. Ear-notch samples from 3,599 yearling heifers were collected to detect persistently infected (PI) animals with suspect bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Individual immunohistochemistry (IHC), individual antigen-capture enzyme-linked immmunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests with pooled ear-notch supernatants were compared with samples from 3,016 heifers, whereas RT-PCR ear-notch pools and individual AC-ELISA tests were compared with samples from all 3,599 heifers. Four heifers were identified positive by both IHC and AC-ELISA, whereas the remaining heifers were identified negative by both tests. When supernatant from ear notches from 100 animals was randomly pooled and RT-PCR was accomplished on each pool, RT-PCR identified 2 pools that contained 1 positive AC-ELISA sample and 1 pool that contained 2 positive AC-ELISA samples. Further evaluation of the pooled RT-PCR earnotch supernatant detected 100% (n ϭ 36) samples spiked with supernatant from a single randomly selected positive AC-ELISA ear notch. Although follow-up confirmatory tests were not completed, all 3 methods correlated 100% in detecting suspect PI animals, with a kappa value of 1. The use of RT-PCR on pooled ear-notch supernatant could provide an initial, rapid, cost-effective method of screening cattle herds for BVDV PI animals. Subsequent serial testing with an AC-ELISA to evaluate individual samples included in the positive pool could minimize the length of time other animals are exposed to the virus.

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“…4 A 1996 study, published in 2001, reported a herd incidence of 19% in BVDV-suspect herds and a 4% incidence in randomly selected herds. 39 The National Animal Health Monitoring System of Beef 2007-2008 study reported a herd incidence of 8.8%. 8 It should be noted however, that incidence of PI does not reflect the true incidence of BVDV because it ignores acute infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in Predominance ofBovine Viral Diarrhea VirusSubgenotypes among Samples Submitted to a Diagnostic Laboratory over a 20-Year Time Span

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Although the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea was initially categorized as 1 species, phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses belong to 2 different species, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV-2, with 2-11 subgenotypes within each species. Distribution of species and subgenotypes has been shown to vary with geographic region. Whether distribution shifts over time is not known. Surveys conducted between 1994 and 2008 reported 3 subgenotypes circulating among cattle in the United States: BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, and BVDV-2a. The average percent prevalence of BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, and BVDV-2a strains reported in surveys before 2001 were 21%, 43%, and 36%, respectively. Surveys conducted on viruses isolated after 2001 reported decreasing percentages of BVDV-1a and BVDV-2a strains, with BVDV-1b strains accounting for 75-100% of samples. Comparison of these surveys is confounded by differences in geographic location, collection methods, and sample type used in the survey. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the prevalence of BVDV subgenotypes shifted in samples collected from the same geographic region and by the same laboratory over time. BVDV strains isolated in years 1988BVDV strains isolated in years , 1998BVDV strains isolated in years , and 2008, at the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Amarillo, Texas, were genotyped, and the prevalence of BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, and BVDV-2a strains were determined. Typing, on the basis of phylogenetic analysis, was done on 148 samples. The strongest trend detected among these samples was a pronounced decrease in the number of BVDV-1a strains over time.

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Persistent bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in US beef herds

Cited by 105 publications

References 5 publications

A Simulation Model to Quantify the Value of Implementing Whole-HerdBovine Viral Diarrhea VirusTesting Strategies in Beef Cow–Calf Herds

A Simulation Model to Quantify the Value of Implementing Whole-HerdBovine Viral Diarrhea VirusTesting Strategies in Beef Cow–Calf Herds

Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction on Pooled Samples to Detect Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus by using Fresh Ear-Notch—Sample Supernatants

Change in Predominance ofBovine Viral Diarrhea VirusSubgenotypes among Samples Submitted to a Diagnostic Laboratory over a 20-Year Time Span

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