Change in Predominance ofBovine Viral Diarrhea VirusSubgenotypes among Samples Submitted to a Diagnostic Laboratory over a 20-Year Time Span

Abstract

Abstract. Although the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea was initially categorized as 1 species, phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses belong to 2 different species, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV-2, with 2-11 subgenotypes within each species. Distribution of species and subgenotypes has been shown to vary with geographic region. Whether distribution shifts over time is not known. Surveys conducted between 1994 and 2008 reported 3 subgenotypes circulating among cattle in the United States: BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, and BVDV-2a. The average percent prevalence of BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, and BVDV-2a strains reported in surveys before 2001 were 21%, 43%, and 36%, respectively. Surveys conducted on viruses isolated after 2001 reported decreasing percentages of BVDV-1a and BVDV-2a strains, with BVDV-1b strains accounting for 75-100% of samples. Comparison of these surveys is confounded by differences in geographic location, collection methods, and sample type used in the survey. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the prevalence of BVDV subgenotypes shifted in samples collected from the same geographic region and by the same laboratory over time. BVDV strains isolated in years 1988BVDV strains isolated in years , 1998BVDV strains isolated in years , and 2008, at the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Amarillo, Texas, were genotyped, and the prevalence of BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, and BVDV-2a strains were determined. Typing, on the basis of phylogenetic analysis, was done on 148 samples. The strongest trend detected among these samples was a pronounced decrease in the number of BVDV-1a strains over time.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in vivo infection modulates TLR4 responsiveness in differentiated myeloid cells which is associated with decreased MyD88 expression

“…Bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) are enveloped singlestranded positive-sense RNA viruses comprised of two species, BVDV1 and BVDV2, in the Flaviviridae family (Driskell and Ridpath, 2006;Ridpath et al, 2011). The BVDV genome is approximately 12.5 kb in length and is organized into 12 genes flanked by a Abbreviations: BRDC, bovine respiratory disease complex; BVDV, bovine viral diarrhea virus; CP, cytopathic; HV, high virulence; IFN␥, interferon gamma; IL-6, interleukin 6; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LV, low virulence; MDM , monocyte derived macrophage; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; NCP, non-cytpathic; NS5A, non-structural protein 5A; qPCR, quantitative (real-time) polymerase chain reaction; TLR, toll like receptor; TNF␣, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TRIF, toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adapter-inducing interferon-␤.…”

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) genetic diversity in Spain: A review

“…While BVDV-2 is widespread in the USA and Canada (Pellerin et al, 1994;Fulton et al, 2005;Ridpath et al, 2011), it has been detected more sporadically in Europe, although, is increasingly being identified over the last years (Wakeley et al, 2004;Barros et al, 2006;Jackova et al, 2008;Letellier et al, 2010;Luzzago et al, 2012;Aduriz et al, 2015;Gethmann et al, 2015;Diéguez et al, 2016).…”

“…Besides, since BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 species are sufficiently different at the antigenic level, a vaccine that protects against one may not protect against the other. For this reason, Ridpath et al (2011) have even proposed using a BVDV vaccine that contains antigens from all subtypes circulating in the target region.…”

Molecular detection and characterization of transient bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle commingled with ten BVDV persistently infected cattle

“…VN results indicated that 66% (35 of 53) of the non-PI cattle were seronegative (≤1:2) on d-1 to all BVDV indicator viruses (Supplementary Table 3). Five of the non-PI cattle (6,25,38,42,43) began the study with VN titers ≥1:16 to all of the indicator viruses and 1 animal (8) had d-1 VN titers ≥1:16 to all 3 of the BVDV-1b indicator viruses (Supplementary Table 3).…”