Persistent Antigenic Variation of Influenza a Viruses After Incomplete Neutralization in Ovo With Heterologous Immune Serum

Archetti, I.; Horsfall, Frank L.

doi:10.1084/jem.92.5.441

Cited by 456 publications

(250 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…and complement fixation tests, while in the neutralization test there was less crossing with PR8-S. This is in agreement with previous reports that cross-neutralization tests tend to show greater immunological differences than cross-HH.I, tests (10,11). A more precise definition of antigenic structure of the variants was obtained by antibody absorption tests.…”

Section: Antigenic Stability and Homogeneity Of Variant Strains Of Prsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Recent evidence (19) of major antigenic changes occurring in the B group points up the importance of this phenomenon. Although there are probably many factors influencing the development of antigenic variants of influenza viruses during natural transmission in the human population, the results of this and other studies (10,16) emphasize the role of the immune state of the host. In view of the limited number of passages carried out in mice in our laboratory, as compared to the large number which occur during a single epidemic in man, it seems possible that the changes shown by these variants represent only a step in the antigenic alteration that can occur in influenza A virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

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Antigenic Variants of Influenza a Virus (Pr8 Strain)

Gerber

Hamre

Loosli

1956

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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In an attempt to simulate conditions in the human population between epidemics of influenza, the influenza A virus (PR8 strain) has been serially passed in mice partially immunized with this virus. The antigenic variant which emerged in the course of these passages has been described (1). This variant was capable of multiplying in the lungs of vaccinated mice which were fully resistant to challenge with the parent PR8 strain. It was shown by cross-serological tests that the variant contained a new dominant antigen, but that it also retained antigens related to the parent PR8 strain. Because there was no further alteration in the antigenic composition of the variant after the 17th passage in PRS-immunized mice, passages were carried in mice immunized to the variant. The present report describes the production and characterization of a series of three variants, each derived in succession from the previous one, and compares them with the parent PR8 strain and the first variant strain (1). Materials and MethodsSeveral of the methods employed are similar to those previously described in detail (1). These will be briefly reviewed in the present report. The additional techniques used include the complement-fixation test and antibody absorption.The PR8 influenza A strain was initially employed as the parent virus (1). The stock suspensions of PR8-infected mouse lung were prepared from mice infected by the air-borne route in a closed chamber and sacrificed 48 hours later (2). 10 per cent suspensions were frozen in aliquots and stored at --40°C. Broth used for lung suspensions and for all dilutions contained 1,000 units/ml, of penicillin and 1 mg./ml, of dihydrostreptomyein. Viral antigens

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Section: Antigenic Stability and Homogeneity Of Variant Strains Of Prsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Antigenic Variants of Influenza a Virus (Pr8 Strain)

Gerber

Hamre

Loosli

1956

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…The HI test gave results which showed a high degree of cross reactivity, which meant that the statistical method of Archetti and Horsfall (1950), used successfully to confirm the findings of the SN test, could not be applied to the results of the HI test in order to assist differentiation between serotypes. However, the test did give logical results which correlated with those obtained using the SN test, enabling the unknown coded viruses to be identified correctly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the haemagglutination inhibition test and the serum neutralisation test in tracheal organ cultures for typing infectious bronchitis virus strains

1987

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SUMMARYFive strains of infectious bronchitis (IB) virus, which had been compared antigenically by the serum neutralisation (SN) test in tracheal organ cultures (OC), were arbitarily coded and then compared by the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Their antigenic relationships were found to be similar by the two methods but, because of the high and variable cross reactions found in the HI test, the differences between the strains were less clear by that method. It was concluded that the HI test, in its present state of development, is considerably less type-specific than the SN test in OC, and cannot be recommended for defining antigenic relationships between strains of IB virus. However, it retains its value for diagnosing IB or for monitoring the vaccinal status of flocks. INTRODUCTIONThe lack of a reliable but simple type classification system for infectious bronchitis (IB) virus continues to give rise to practical problems and to confusion. Since the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for IB was first suggested by Bingham et al. (1975) and developed by Alexander et al. (1976) and Alexander and Chettle (1977), it has been used widely for monitoring serological responses to IB vaccination and for the diagnosis of IB infections. Lashgari and Newman (1984) used it to compare seven reference strains of IB virus and found that although they were antigenically distinct, complex relationships existed between them. Brown and Bracewell (1985) found that the HI test could be used to type IB virus strains, provided that the test was carried out under carefully controlled conditions and that all virus strains were tested against antiserum prepared against each strain.

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“…In some cases, unequivocal assignment to a serotype of an isolate is complicated by the phenomenon of oneway virus neutralization (Cowen et al, 1971;Dawson & Gough, 1971;Cowen & Hitchner, 1975). When the statistical method of Archetti & Horsfall (1950) is applied for differentiation between serotypes, one-way virus neutralization may still result in assignment of the two strains to the same serotype.…”

Section: Antigenic Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of infectious bronchitis virus

Wit¹

2000

Avian Pathology

166

128

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The detection methods for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are reviewed. Advantages and disadvantages of available techniques of IBV detection by virus isolation, antigen or genome detection, and serology are discussed. Factors of influence on the level of success in detection of IBV after a disease outbreak are discussed, as are the possibilities and dangers of strain classification by protectotyping, serotyping, epitope-typing and genotyping.

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Persistent Antigenic Variation of Influenza a Viruses After Incomplete Neutralization in Ovo With Heterologous Immune Serum

Cited by 456 publications

References 19 publications

Antigenic Variants of Influenza a Virus (Pr8 Strain)

Antigenic Variants of Influenza a Virus (Pr8 Strain)

Comparison of the haemagglutination inhibition test and the serum neutralisation test in tracheal organ cultures for typing infectious bronchitis virus strains

Detection of infectious bronchitis virus

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