Persistence of Viruses by qPCR Downstream of Three Effluent-Dominated Rivers in the Western United States

Sassi, Hannah P.; Tuttle, Koiya D.; Betancourt, Walter Q.; Kitajima, Masaaki; Gerba, Charles P.

doi:10.1007/s12560-018-9343-7

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…PMMoV persistence in rivers downstream from treated effluent discharge was evaluated in Arizona and Colorado. 45 In this study, water was sampled at the effluent outfall and downstream. In Colorado, all samples (n = 6) collected were positive for PMMoV.…”

Section: Freshwater Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentrations for the outfall and downstream sites were 6.14 × 10 4 and 1.77 × 10 4 GC/L, respectively. 45 The Upper Santa Cruz River (USCR), which was sampled in the same study, is supplied by effluent from the Nogales International Water Treatment Center (NIWTC); more extensive sampling for this portion of the river was conducted. PMMoV was detected in 20/20 (100%) samples from the NIWTC and downstream USCR.…”

Section: Freshwater Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pepper mild mottle virus as a water quality indicator

2018

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Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was recently found to be the most abundant RNA virus in human feces, and is a plant virus belonging to the genus Tobamovirus in the family Virgoviridae. When in human feces, it is of dietary origin from peppers and their processed products, and is excreted from a large proportion of healthy human populations, but rarely found in animal feces. Over the past decade, this virus has been increasingly attracting research attention as a potential viral indicator for human fecal pollution in aquatic environments and water treatment systems. Results presented in the literature reveal that PMMoV is globally distributed and present in various water sources in greater abundance than human pathogenic viruses, without substantial seasonal fluctuations. Several studies report that increased concentrations of PMMoV tend to be correlated with increased fecal contamination in general, along with more frequent detection of pathogenic enteric viruses. PMMoV also exhibits remarkable stability in water under various environmental conditions. Here, we review recent advancements in our understanding of the occurrence and persistence of PMMoV in natural and engineered water systems and discuss its advantages and limitations as a viral indicator for improved microbial water quality management.

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Section: Freshwater Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Freshwater Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pepper mild mottle virus as a water quality indicator

2018

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“…For water matrices, the virus isolation and concentration methods vary by water type. PMMoV, as well as enteric viruses, in small-volume samples (< 2 l) are typically isolated using adsorption-elution methods with electronegative membrane filters (Betancourt et al, 2014, Han et al, 2014, Kato et al, 2018, Kitajima et al, 2014, Sangsanont et al, 2016, Sassi et al, 2018, Schmitz et al, 2016, Shrestha et al, 2018, Tandukar et al, 2018), which is sometimes followed by the concentration of the eluent using PEG precipitation (Hamza et al, 2011) or centrifugal filter concentrators (Asami et al, 2016, Kitajima et al, 2014, Kuroda et al, 2015, Lee et al, 2017, Rachmadi et al, 2015, Sangsanont et al, 2016, Sassi et al, 2018, Schmitz et al, 2016, Tandukar et al, 2018).…”

Section: Identifying and Quantifying Pepper Mild Mottle Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…published their study in 2006, other metagenomic studies have verified the abundance of PMMoV in human feces (Moore et al, 2015, Nakamura et al, 2009, Victoria et al, 2009), untreated domestic wastewater (Wang et al, 2018), tertiary-treated domestic wastewater (Rosario et al, 2009a), and even indoor air filters (Rosario et al, 2018). Additionally, PMMoV has been incorporated in over 29 peer-reviewed and published investigations related to microbial water and food quality as well as (waste)water treatment technologies throughout the world (Ahmed et al, 2018, Asami et al, 2016, Betancourt et al, 2014, Fout et al, 2017, Gu et al, 2018, Hamza et al, 2011, Han et al, 2014, Haramoto et al, 2013, Hruby et al, 2013, Hughes et al, 2017, Kato et al, 2018, Kitajima et al, 2014, Kuroda et al, 2015, Lee et al, 2017, Rachmadi et al, 2015, Rosiles-González et al, 2017, Saeidi et al, 2018, Sangsanont et al, 2016, Sassi et al, 2018, Schmitz et al, 2016, Shirasaki et al, 2017, Shirasaki et al, 2018, Shrestha et al, 2018, Symonds et al, 2015, Symonds et al, 2016, Symonds et al, 2014, Symonds et al, 2017, Tandukar et al, 2018, Verbyla et al, 2016, Wang et al, 2018). The main purpose of this review is to consolidate the available information from a variety of different disciplines to understand how and when PMMoV can best be used as an enteric virus surrogate and/or domestic wastewater marker (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pepper mild mottle virus: A plant pathogen with a greater purpose in (waste)water treatment development and public health management

et al. 2018

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An enteric virus surrogate and reliable domestic wastewater tracer is needed to manage microbial quality of food and water as (waste)water reuse becomes more prevalent in response to population growth, urbanization, and climate change. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a plant pathogen found at high concentrations in domestic wastewater, is a promising surrogate for enteric viruses that has been incorporated into over 29 water- and food-related microbial quality and technology investigations around the world. This review consolidates the available literature from across disciplines to provide guidance on the utility of PMMoV as either an enteric virus surrogate and/or domestic wastewater marker in various situations. Synthesis of the available research supports PMMoV as a useful enteric virus process indicator since its high concentrations in source water allow for identifying the extent of virus log-reductions in field, pilot, and full-scale (waste)water treatment systems. PMMoV reduction levels during many forms of wastewater treatment were less than or equal to the reduction of other viruses, suggesting this virus can serve as an enteric virus surrogate when evaluating new treatment technologies. PMMoV excels as an index virus for enteric viruses in environmental waters exposed to untreated domestic wastewater because it was detected more frequently and in higher concentrations than other human viruses in groundwater (72.2%) and surface waters (freshwater, 94.5% and coastal, 72.2%), with pathogen co-detection rates as high as 72.3%. Additionally, PMMoV is an important microbial source tracking marker, most appropriately associated with untreated domestic wastewater, where its pooled-specificity is 90% and pooled-sensitivity is 100%, as opposed to human feces where its pooled-sensitivity is only 11.3%. A limited number of studies have also suggested that PMMoV may be a useful index virus for enteric viruses in monitoring the microbial quality of fresh produce and shellfish, but further research is needed on these topics. Finally, future work is needed to fill in knowledge gaps regarding PMMoV's global specificity and sensitivity.

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“…Therefore, the occurrence of enteric viruses in some water matrices may be used as an indicator to mirror the disease's prevalence among the local population. Nowadays, there is increasing evidence that human enteric viruses can be independently detected in almost all types of water, such as wastewater ( Bisseux et al, 2018 ; Farkas et al, 2018 ; Jahne et al, 2019 ; Simhon et al, 2019 ) and city surface water ( Goh et al, 2019 ; Keller et al, 2019 ; Masachessi et al, 2018 ; Pang et al, 2019 ; Sassi et al, 2018 ; Sedji et al, 2018 ; Tandukar et al, 2018 ). Wastewater-based epidemiology can be used to capture a near real-time picture of the viral disease burden within a community ( Bisseux et al, 2018 ; McCall et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of human Rotaviruses and Noroviruses GII in urban rivers running through the city mirror their infection prevalence in populations

Shi¹,

Miao

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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Enteric viruses exposed to water pose a huge threat to global public health and can lead to waterborne disease outbreaks. A sudden increase in enteric viruses in some water matrices also underpins the prevalence of corresponding waterborne diseases in communities over the same time period. However, few efforts have been focused on water matrices whose viral pollution may best reflect the clinical prevalence in communities. Here, a one-year surveillance of human enteric viruses including Enteroviruses (EnVs), Rotaviruses (HRVs), Astroviruses (AstVs), Noroviruses GII (HuNoVsGII) and Mastadenoviruses (HAdVs) in four representative water matrices: an urban river (UR) running through city, effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plant (EW), raw water for Urban Water Treatment Plant (RW), and tap water (TW) were performed by qPCR. The relationship between the virus detection frequency at each site and their prevalence in clinical PCR assay was further analyzed. We found that the detection frequencies of HRVs, HuNoVsGII, and AstVs in stools peaked in winter, while EnVs peaked in autumn. No EnVs occurred in EW, RW, or TW, but HuNoVsGII and AstVs occurred intensively in winter. For UR, all types of enteric viruses could be detected and the levels of acute gastroenteritis viruses (HRVs, HuNoVsGII, AstVs, and HAdVs) were highest in autumn or winter, whereas EnVs peaked in summer. In terms of correlation analyses, only HRVs and HuNoVsGII levels in UR showed a strong positive correlation with their prevalence in clinical stool samples. This study indicated that HRVs and HuNoVsGII levels in URs may mirror the local virus prevalence, thereby implying the possibility of revealing their local epidemiology by monitoring them in the URs.

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Persistence of Viruses by qPCR Downstream of Three Effluent-Dominated Rivers in the Western United States

Cited by 21 publications

References 38 publications

Pepper mild mottle virus as a water quality indicator

Pepper mild mottle virus as a water quality indicator

Pepper mild mottle virus: A plant pathogen with a greater purpose in (waste)water treatment development and public health management

Levels of human Rotaviruses and Noroviruses GII in urban rivers running through the city mirror their infection prevalence in populations

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