Persistence of Pathogens on Inanimate Surfaces: A Narrative Review

Wißmann, Jan-Erik; Kirchhoff, Lisa; Brüggemann, Yannick; Todt, Daniel; Steinmann, Joerg; Steinmann, Eike

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020343

Cited by 101 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 207 publications

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“…Furthermore, many other viruses, (i.e. Adenoviruses, Rotaviruses) are stable in the environment and exhibit high infectivity and, thus, could possibly be transferred by banknotes and coins [25]. In agreement with previous reports we found that high titers of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogate BCoV, after an initial loss of infectivity, remained infectious for days under laboratory conditions on banknotes and coins (Table 1, Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

A realistic touch-transfer method reveals low risk of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 by contaminated coins and bank notes

Todt

Meister

Tamele

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has created a significant threat to global health. While respiratory aerosols or droplets are considered as the main route of human-to-human transmission, secretions expelled by infected individuals can also contaminate surfaces and objects, potentially creating the risk of fomite-based transmission. Consequently, frequently touched objects such as paper currency and coins have been suspected as a potential transmission vehicle. To assess the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by banknotes and coins, we examined the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and bovine coronavirus (BCoV), as surrogate with lower biosafety restrictions, on these different means of payment and developed a touch transfer method to examine transfer efficiency from contaminated surfaces to skin. Although we observed prolonged virus stability, our results, including a novel touch transfer method, indicate that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via contaminated coins and banknotes is unlikely and requires high viral loads and a timely order of specific events.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

A realistic touch-transfer method reveals low risk of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 by contaminated coins and bank notes

Todt

Meister

Tamele

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Studies have shown that RNA of human coronaviruses HCoV (OC43, 229E, HKU1, NL63), as well as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV RNA may be detected on inanimate surfaces from just a few hours to a few days ( Kampf et al, 2020 ). Recent reports indicate that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in the air for up to 3 h after aerosolization ( Wißmann et al, 2021 ). Additional experimental efforts on surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 made in laboratory conditions show that SARS-CoV-2 is able to remain infectious for up to 24 h on cardboard surfaces, and for up to three days on plastic and stainless steel surfaces ( van Doremalen et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface contamination with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review

Gonçalves

Silva

Reis

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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Little is known about contaminated surfaces as a route of transmission for SARS-CoV- 2 and a systematic review is missing and urgently needed to provide guidelines for future research studies. As such, the aim of the present study was to review the current scientific knowledge and to summarize the existing studies in which SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in inanimate surfaces. This systematic review includes studies since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, available in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus. Duplicate publications were removed, and exclusion criteria was applied to eliminate unrelated studies, resulting in 37 eligible publications. The present study provides the first overview of SARS-CoV-2 detection in surfaces. The highest detection rates occurred in hospitals and healthcare facilities with COVID-19 patients. Contamination with SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces was detected in a wide range of facilities and surfaces. There is a lack of studies performing viability testing for SARS-CoV-2 recovered from surfaces, and consequently it is not yet possible to assess the potential for transmission via surfaces.

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“…The hospital environment plays a very important role in the colonization and transmission of opportunistic pathogens. Moreover, the microorganisms responsible for hospital-acquired infections can survive for days, weeks, or even months on hospital surfaces [ 21 , 22 ]. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out microbiological monitoring of the hospital environment to find out the strains circulating in this environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological Monitoring of the Environment Using the “Association Rules” Approach and Disinfection Procedure Evaluation in a Hospital Center in Morocco

Flouchi

Elmniai

Far

et al. 2021

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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Background. The hospital environment, especially surfaces and medical devices, is a source of contamination for patients. Objective. This study carried out, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time at Taza Hospital in Morocco aimed to assess the microbiological quality of surfaces and medical devices in surgical departments and to evaluate the disinfection procedure in time and space. Methods. Samples were taken by swabbing after cleaning the hospital surface or medical device, to isolate and identify germs which were inoculated on semiselective culture media then identified by standard biochemical and physiological tests, using the analytical profile index (API) galleries. Moreover, the association rules extraction model between sites on the one hand and germs on the other hand was used for sampling. Results. The study showed that 83% of the samples have been contaminated after biocleaning. The most contaminated services have been men’s and women’s surgeries. 62% of isolated germs have been identified as Gram-positive bacteria, 29% as Gram-negative bacteria, and 9% as fungi. Concerning the association rules extraction model, a strong association between some contaminated sites and the presence of germ has been found, such as the association between wall and nightstand and door cuff, meaning that the wall and nightstand contamination is systematically linked to that of the door cuff. The disinfection procedure efficacy evaluation has enabled suggesting renewing it each 4 h. Conclusion. Microbiological monitoring of surfaces is necessary at hospital level through the use of the association rule extraction model, which is very important to optimize the sampling, cleaning, and disinfection site scenarios of the most contaminated ones.

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Persistence of Pathogens on Inanimate Surfaces: A Narrative Review

Cited by 101 publications

References 207 publications

A realistic touch-transfer method reveals low risk of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 by contaminated coins and bank notes

A realistic touch-transfer method reveals low risk of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 by contaminated coins and bank notes

Surface contamination with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review

Microbiological Monitoring of the Environment Using the “Association Rules” Approach and Disinfection Procedure Evaluation in a Hospital Center in Morocco

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