Persistence and vertical distribution of DDT, lindane, and aldrin residues, 10 and 15 years after a single soil application

Rapid degradation of γ-HCH in upland soil after multiple applications

“…Consequently, many reports have been published on the persistence of this compound (YULE et aL 1967;YOSHIDA and CASTRO 1970;GUENZI et al 1971;STEWART and CHILSOM 1971;LICHTENSTEIN et aL 1971;MATHUR and SAHA 1975). It is now generally recognized that the decomposition rate of y-HCH is very slow in upland soils but relatively rapid in submerged and reduced soils.…”

Pesticide Residues in Soil and Water

“…per acre (1.7 -13.7 kg/ha» and heptachlor (1.0 -4.0 lb a.i. per acre (1.12 -4.5 kg/ha», and Lichtenstein et al (1971) showed that a single treatment of soil with 1,000 to 4,000 ppm of activated carbon, could substantially reduce the uptake of heptachlor and aldrin from soil into crops. The amount of carbon required depends on the amount of insecticide involved, the soil type and the crops to be grown.…”

The effect of impounding a river on the pesticide concentration in warmwater fish

“…Organochlorine insecticides such as DDT and dieldrin persist in the soil environment for many years (Edwards, 1964;Lichtenstein et al, 1971;Wheatley, 1965;Wheatley et al, 1960) whereas most herbicides disappear relatively rapidly after application (Frank, 1972;Harris, 1967;Harris and Warren, 1964). For example, considerable amounts of DDT and dieldrin were found in treated soils 15 years after application (Nash and Woolson, 1967).…”

“…There are many factors influencing the per sistence and activity of pesticides in the treated soils, including nature of the compounds, characteristics of the soil, land usage and management practices, topography, and climatic conditions White, 1964 and.1970;Bamett et al, 1967;Harris and Lichtenstein, 1961;Merkle and Bovey, 1974;Ruckelshaus, 1972). Dominant factors are solubility of the pesticides (Ashton, 1961), organic content of the soil (Adams and Li, 1971;Harris, 1967 andHarris and Sans, 1967;Miles et al, 1978;Sheets et al, 1962;Yaron et al, 1967), cultivation of the soil (Baker et al, 1976;Lichtenstein et al, 1971), rainfall intensity, duration, and the timing of first heavy runoff relative to application (Baker and Johnson, 1977;Hass et al, 1971;White et al, 1967). In addition, degradation of pesticides to form other compounds, such as DDT to DDE and DDD, aldrin to dieldrin, and heptachlor to its ide, is commonly observed in the soil environment (Eichelberger and Lichtenberg, 1971;Gannon and Bigger, 1958;Lichtenstein and Schulz, 1960;Matsumura, 1973;Matsumura et al, 1968;Plimmer et al, 1968;Wedemeyer, 1966).…”