Pernicious anaemia and endocrine glands antibodies

Morawiec-Szymonik, Elżbieta; Fołtyn, Wanda; Marek, Bogdan; Kos–Kudła, Beata; Kajdaniuk, Dariusz

doi:10.5603/ep.a2018.0086

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…This is due to abnormal humoral and cellular responses to self-antigens [18]. Immune dysregulation and cross-reactions with different antibodies occur throughout the body [19].…”

Section: Health Risks and Long-term Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of the Immune System in the Course of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: The Current State of Knowledge

Wrońska,

Hałasa,

Szczuko

2024

IJMS

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The process of thyroid autoimmunization develops against the background of genetic predispositions associated with class II human leukocyte antigens (HLA-DR), as well as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), and forkhead transcription box protein P3 (FOXP3). Environmental factors, such as vitamin D deficiency, Zn, Se, and Mg, as well as infections, chronic stress, pregnancy, smoking, alcohol, medications, intestinal dysbiosis, and malnutrition, also play an important role. The first stage of autoimmunization involves the accumulation of macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as plasma cells. In the second stage, the mutual interactions of individual cells in the immune system lead to a decrease in the level of CD8+ in favor of CD4+, which intensifies the synthesis of T lymphocyte derivatives, especially Th1, Th17, Tfh, and Tc, reducing the level of Treg. Consequently, the number of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL10 and IL2 decreases, and the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, Il-12, Il-17, IL-21, IL-22, IFN-γ, and TNF-α increases. The latter two especially trigger the pyroptosis process involving the inflammasome. Activation of the inflammasome by IL-β and IL-18 produced by macrophages is one of the mechanisms of pyroptosis in the course of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, involving Gram-negative bacteria and NLRC4. In the next step, the apoptosis of thyroid cells is initiated by the intensification of perforin, granzyme, and proteoglycan synthesis by Tc and NK cells. The current findings raise many possibilities regarding interventions related to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by both T and B lymphocytes. Furthermore, since there is currently no effective method for treating thyroid autoimmunity, a summary of the review may provide answers regarding the treatment of not only Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, but also other autoimmune diseases associated with autoimmunity.

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“…This is due to abnormal humoral and cellular responses to self-antigens [18]. Immune dysregulation and cross-reactions with different antibodies occur throughout the body [19].…”

Section: Health Risks and Long-term Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of common genes responsible for the development of autoimmune diseases is also a significant factor leading to the development of multiple diseases in the same patient [19]. One third of patients are also diagnosed with other non-thyroid diseases resulting from abnormal immune system function [20].…”

Section: Other Autoimmune Comorbiditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Immune System in the Course of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: The Current State of Knowledge

Wrońska,

Hałasa,

Szczuko

2024

IJMS

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“…In this context, the coexistence of immune abnormalities of the hematopoietic system and other autoimmune disorders could justify implementation of a wider diagnostic panel at the onset of the initial symptoms of the above-mentioned diseases. 1 The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of IF and GPC antibodies in patients diagnosed with PA, as well as the co -occurrence of IF and GPC antibodies with antibodies involved in pathological mechanism of some other (nonhematological) autoimmune diseases. There is a concept of an autoimmune alert, that is, predisposition of various autoimmune diseases to coexist in spite of their different pathological mechanisms…”

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confidence: 99%

“…INTROduCTION Pernicious anemia (PA; also known as Biermer disease, Addisonian anemia) is an autoimmune disease, the pathogenesis of which involves intrinsic factor (IF) antibodies and gastric parietal cell (GPC) antibodies. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] While IF antibodies interfere with the absorption of intrinsic factor-vitamin B 12 complex in the terminal ileum, GPC antibodies are directed against gastric enzyme H + /K + -ATPase (the proton pump). 5,9,17 In patients with diagnosed autoimmune disease, other disorders of the kind may develop over time or simultaneously, most likely as a result of general immune disturbances as well as cross -reactions between antibodies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,9,17 In patients with diagnosed autoimmune disease, other disorders of the kind may develop over time or simultaneously, most likely as a result of general immune disturbances as well as cross -reactions between antibodies. 1,14,16,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] The aforementioned pathophysiological mechanism would justify expanding the diagnostic workup in order to detect the possible dysfunction of other organs. This…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pernicious anemia and the presence of antibodies involved in the development of this disease and other autoimmune diseases

Morawiec-Szymonik¹,

Fołtyn²,

Marek³

et al. 2019

Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

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INTROduCTION Pernicious anemia (PA) is an autoimmune hematopoietic disease. ObjECTIvEs The aim of the study was to determine autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis of PA and the development of other autoimmune disorders such as connective tissue diseases and celiac disease. We also aimed to assess the potential usefulness of the specific diagnostic and screening tests in patients with PA. PATIENTs ANd mEThOds The study group comprised 124 women and men with newly diagnosed PA and 41 healthy controls. Intrinsic factor (IF) antibodies, gastric parietal cell (GPC) antibodies, endomysium antibodies (EmAs), and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) were determined in blood samples. REsuLTs IF or GPC antibodies were present in 61.3% of patients, GPC antibodies, in 46%, IF antibodies, in 30.6%, IF and GPC antibodies, in 15.3%. There was no difference in the occurrence of ANAs and EmAs between the PA and control groups. However, ANAs were found in 16.1% of patients with PA and in 4.9% of controls. The occurrence of EmAs in both groups was similar (3.2% vs 2.4%); however, it has been shown that patients with IF or GPC antibodies are more prone to be EmA positive (P = 0.009). CONCLusIONs Simultaneous determination of IF and GPC antibodies increases the chances of confirming the diagnosis of PA. Also, screening for connective tissue diseases and celiac disease may be considered in patients with PA, due to the presence of ANAs and EmAs in that population.

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Th17 cytokines and factors modulating their activity in patients with pernicious anemia

Kajdaniuk,

Foltyn,

Morawiec-Szymonik

et al. 2023

Immunol Res

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The effects of specific cytokines produced by T cell subsets (such as Th1, Th2, and newly discovered Th17, Treg, Tfh, or Th22) are diverse, depending on interactions with other cytokines, distinct signaling pathways, phase of the disease, or etiological factor. The immunity equilibrium of the immune cells, such as the Th1/Th2, the Th17/Treg, and the Th17/Th1 balance is necessary for the maintenance of the immune homeostasis. If the balance of the T cells subsets is damaged, the autoimmune response becomes enhanced which leads to autoimmune diseases. Indeed, both the Th1/Th2 and the Th17/Treg dichotomies are involved in the pathomechanism of autoimmune diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the cytokines of Th17 lymphocytes as well as the factors modulating their activity in patients with pernicious anemia. The magnetic bead-based immunoassays used (Bio-Plex) allow simultaneous detection of multiple immune mediators from one serum sample. In our study, we showed that patients suffering from pernicious anemia develop the Th1/Th2 imbalance with a quantitative advantage of cytokines participating in Th1-related immune response, the Th17/Treg imbalance with a quantitative advantage of cytokines participating in Treg-related response, as well as the Th17/Th1 imbalance with a quantitative predominance of cytokines participating in Th1-related immune response. Our study results indicate that T lymphocytes and their specific cytokines play an role in the course of pernicious anemia. The observed changes may indicate the immune response to pernicious anemia or be an element of the pernicious anemia pathomechanism.

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Pernicious anaemia and endocrine glands antibodies

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

The Role of the Immune System in the Course of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: The Current State of Knowledge

The Role of the Immune System in the Course of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: The Current State of Knowledge

Pernicious anemia and the presence of antibodies involved in the development of this disease and other autoimmune diseases

Th17 cytokines and factors modulating their activity in patients with pernicious anemia

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