Permutation test for groups of scanpaths using normalized Levenshtein distances and application in NMR questions

Tang, Hui; Topczewski, Joseph J.; Topczewski, Anna M.; Pienta, Norbert J.

doi:10.1145/2168556.2168584

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…8 Eye-tracking studies about molecular representations are in a pilot stage; whether students behave like experts or novices in matching appropriate structures to proton NMR spectral data can be determine from related studies. 12,13 Experts follow very different gaze pathways than their novice counterparts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying student behavior and chemistry skill using browser-based tools and eye-tracking hardware

Pienta¹

2017

Quim. Nova

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Browser-based tools were created to collect quantitative data about university student problem-solving skills. Three of these tools have been described: a word question tool that creates ideal gas law and stoichiometry questions using a set of complexity factors; a Lewis structure drawing tool that enables the user to draw a solution to an ion or molecule assigned to them; and a "spheres" tool that uses spheres to represent atoms and molecules to denote the particulate nature of matter. Results from these studies show that relatively simple questions can be made very complex by the addition of many complexity factors that challenge the cognitive skills. The drawing tools can be used for instruction or to collect data about student understanding; the outcomes suggest that students with more instruction in chemistry are more successful but even the performance of students after four semesters is somewhat disappointing. Eye-tracking hardware enabled the study of the student use of the visual interface of the other tools and to study molecular representation or interpret spectral data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying student behavior and chemistry skill using browser-based tools and eye-tracking hardware

Pienta¹

2017

Quim. Nova

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“…Eye-tracking technology has begun to be applied in CER (45)(46)(47)(48)(49). One of the important variables in eye-tracking studies is scanpath.…”

Section: Permutation Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To solve this problem, Feusner and Lukoff (50) proposed a permutation test to compare two groups of scanpaths. Tang et al (48) later extended this analytical method to scanpaths with different lengths. It was applied in exploring students' eye movement patterns when students were asked to relate NMR signals and organic molecular structures.…”

Section: Permutation Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using the Statistical Program R Instead of SPSS To Analyze Data

Tang

2014

ACS Symposium Series

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“…The choice for the distance metric is dependent on the researcher's task. Tang, Topczewski, Topczewski, and Pienta (2012) extended this method for scan patterns of unequal lengths.…”

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confidence: 99%

Flipping the stimulus: Effects on scanpath coherence?

2016

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In experiments investigating dynamic tasks, it is often useful to examine eye movement scan patterns. We can present trials repeatedly and compute within-subjects/conditions similarity in order to distinguish between signal and noise in gaze data. To avoid obvious repetitions of trials, filler trials must be added to the experimental protocol, resulting in long experiments. Alternatively, trials can be modified to reduce the chances that the participant will notice the repetition, while avoiding significant changes in the scan patterns. In tasks in which the stimuli can be geometrically transformed without any loss of meaning, flipping the stimuli around either of the axes represents a candidate modification. In this study, we examined whether flipping of stimulus object trajectories around the x-and y-axes resulted in comparable scan patterns in a multiple object tracking task. We developed two new strategies for the statistical comparison of similarity between two groups of scan patterns, and then tested those strategies on artificial data. Our results suggest that although the scan patterns in flipped trials differ significantly from those in the original trials, this difference is small (as little as a 13 % increase of overall distance). Therefore, researchers could use geometric transformations to test more complex hypotheses regarding scan pattern coherence while retaining the same duration for experiments.Keywords Eye movements . Scanpath . Group similarity . Correlation distanceIn natural tasks, humans direct their eyes toward objects of interest to make the best use of the high acuity vision in the fovea. Many factors influence eye movements. However, it is possible to get consistent scan patterns and, therefore, to separate signal from noise if the stimuli are presented repeatedly. However, repetition introduces the risk that the participants will recognize the repeated scenes and alter their gaze behavior. In many tasks, repeated presentation of the same scene is undesirable, because some subjects will recognize the scene and examine previously unexplored areas, encode additional details, and/or find targets more efficiently on the basis of their previous experience. Dorr, Martinetz, Gegenfurtner, and Barth (2010) compared the variability of eye movements during free viewing of dynamic natural scenes and found that whereas between-subjects coherence was maximal at the first presentation of the movie, it decreased during later presentations throughout the day. Dorr et al. suggested that this decrease in the between-subjects coherence was caused by a rising influence of individual viewing strategies. Gaze patterns are even affected when the stimulus is not explicitly recognized. In studies on contextual cueing, Chun and Jiang (1998) showed that people implicitly learn the positions of targets over time, which then results in shorter response times.One way to decrease the chance that participants will recognize the repetition is to increase the number of filler trials. The disadvantage of this a...

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Permutation test for groups of scanpaths using normalized Levenshtein distances and application in NMR questions

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

Studying student behavior and chemistry skill using browser-based tools and eye-tracking hardware

Studying student behavior and chemistry skill using browser-based tools and eye-tracking hardware

Using the Statistical Program R Instead of SPSS To Analyze Data

Flipping the stimulus: Effects on scanpath coherence?

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