Permeability and Antioxidant Barriers in Aged Epidermis

Oxidative stress in skin plays a major role in the aging process. This is true for intrinsic aging and even more for extrinsic aging. Although the results are quite different in dermis and epidermis, extrinsic aging is driven to a large extent by oxidative stress caused by UV irradiation. In this review the overall effects of oxidative stress are discussed as well as the sources of ROS including the mitochondrial ETC, peroxisomal and ER localized proteins, the Fenton reaction, and such enzymes as cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, xanthine oxidases, and NADPH oxidases. Furthermore, the defense mechanisms against oxidative stress ranging from enzymes like superoxide dismutases, catalases, peroxiredoxins, and GSH peroxidases to organic compounds such as L-ascorbate, Į-tocopherol, beta-carotene, uric acid, CoQ10, and glutathione are described in more detail. In addition the oxidative stress induced modifications caused to proteins, lipids and DNA are discussed. Finally age-related changes of the skin are also a topic of this review. They include a disruption of the epidermal calcium gradient in old skin with an accompanying change in the composition of the cornified envelope. This modified cornified envelope also leads to an altered anti-oxidative capacity and a reduced barrier function of the epidermis.

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“…Interestingly the predominant antioxidants found in skin cells are nonenzymatic. This includes L-ascorbic acid, GSH, and uric acid [ 360 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress in Aging Human Skin

et al. 2015

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“…Therefore, this lipid/protein scaffold determines both the barrier integrity and the antioxidant defense functionalities [10]. Beneath this barrier lies another thick layer of connective tissue, including the collagen-rich dermis and the underlying fatty layer, hypodermis.…”

Section: Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofunctional Textiles for Aging Skin

Morganti

Morganti²,

Colao³

2019

Biomedicines

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The skin is the largest organ in the human body, acting as the first protective barrier against the external environment aggression, such as UV rays and atmospheric nanoparticulate pollutants. On the one hand, the skin employs different antioxidant agents to protect its natural oxidative balance. On the other hand, ageing phenomena are the main cause of skin barrier damages, leading to a disequilibrium in the physiological redox system. Thus, the necessity to find new innovative cosmetic means, such as biodegradable non-woven tissues able to load, carry and release active ingredients in the right skin layers. These innovative cosmetic tissues can not only protect the skin from toxic environmental agents, but may balance the natural skin barrier, also acting as anti-aging agents when their fibers are bound to the right ingredients. The proposed tissues, consisting of polysaccharide natural fibers made of chitin nanofibrils and nanochitin, seem to be an ideal candidate for the production of new and effective biofunctional textiles, also because they are able to mimic the skin’s extra cellular matrix (ECM) when electrospun. These innovative cosmeceuticals have shown the possibility of being used for food formulations as well as for topic anti-aging agents, having shown an interesting repairing effectiveness on skin and also on hair. Thus, they could be used both as active ingredient and as skin smart active carriers in substitution of normal emulsions, being also biodegradable, free of chemicals, and obtainable from waste material.

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“…In the viable layers of the epidermis, lipid-soluble antioxidants, mainly alpha-tocopherol, and antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidases (GPx), mainly GPx3, and peroxyredoxins (Px) are abundantly expressed [38,39]. The homeostatic role of mitochondrial manganese SOD (MnSOD) towards keratinocyte response to UV irradiation mediated through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has recently been discovered [40].…”

Section: Redox Barrier Of Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To effectively counteract insults coming from the environment, the epidermis of normal human skin contains high levels of water and lipid-soluble antioxidants such as glutathione, thioredoxin, vitamin C, uric acid, alpha-tocopherol, squalene, and coenzyme Q10, distributed in a gradient with the highest concentration on the deepest epidermal layers [38,39].…”

Section: Redox Barrier Of Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Plant Metabolites for Sun Protective Cosmetics: From Pre-Selection to Product Formulation

Korkina¹,

Kostyuk

Potapovich

et al. 2018

Cosmetics

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Topical sun protective cosmetics (sunscreens, pre-and post-sun) have been intensively developed and produced to protect human skin against solar irradiation-associated damages/pathologies. Unfortunately, routine cosmetics for sun protection containing synthetic organic and/or physical sunscreens could exert adverse effects towards human organisms and bring undesirable ecological changes. Terrestrial and marine plant species, being exposed to sun light for hundreds of millions of years, have evolved two pro-survival strategies: effective protection against/adaptation to its deleterious effects and the use of solar energy for photosynthesis/photo-biochemical reactions. Secondary plant metabolites (SPM) are primary sensors of solar energy and mediators of its use (photo-sensitisers) or neutralisation (photo-protectors). A similar double photo-protective/photo-sensitising system is built in within human skin. Modern development of toxicologically/ecologically safe yet effective sun-protective cosmetics attempts to pre-select photo-stable and non-phototoxic SPMs that provide broad UVA + UVB sunscreen, free radical scavenging and direct antioxidant defence, endogenous antioxidant rescue, induction of antioxidant enzymes (indirect antioxidant defence), and normalisation of metabolic and immune responses to UVA + UVB. Proper formulation of sun protective cosmetics should assure targeted delivery of photo-active SPMs to definite skin layers to invigorate the built in photo-chemical skin barrier.

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Permeability and Antioxidant Barriers in Aged Epidermis

Cited by 13 publications

References 85 publications

Oxidative Stress in Aging Human Skin

Oxidative Stress in Aging Human Skin

Biofunctional Textiles for Aging Skin

Secondary Plant Metabolites for Sun Protective Cosmetics: From Pre-Selection to Product Formulation

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