Permanent bending and alignment of ZnO nanowires

Borschel, Christian; Spindler, Susann; Lerose, Damiana; Bochmann, A.; Christiansen, Silke; Nietzsche, Sándor; Oertel, Michael; Ronning, Carsten

doi:10.1088/0957-4484/22/18/185307

Cited by 67 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…However, the model based on temperature gradients proposed by Tripathi et al is valid only for materials with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion. Since the IIB phenomenon has been observed on materials such as Ge [18], Si [13], [12], GaAs [19], ZnO [16] and Al [22], which all have positive coefficients of thermal expansion in their bulk forms [34]- [37], the results of the current work point to surface reconstruction effects as being best able to explain IIB towards an ion beam at temperatures sufficient to suppress damage accumulation. At lower temperatures at which damage accumulation can occur, such surfaces effects may similarly play a significant role in the bending phenomenon.…”

Section: Iib Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…[16], [19] identified damage accumulation, and specifically the distribution of self-interstitials and vacancies within nanowires, as being responsible for volume expansion and contraction, respectively; these volume changes therefore cause bending in a direction determined by the damage depth and by the spatial separation between the interstitials and vacancies [16], [19].…”

Section: Iib Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This phenomenon has been demonstrated in a wide variety of structures such as nanotubes [15], microcantilevers and nanowires [16], [17], [13], [12], [18]- [21]. With appropriate tuning of the ion beam parameters, the nanostructures can either be bent away from or towards the incoming ion beam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With appropriate tuning of the ion beam parameters, the nanostructures can either be bent away from or towards the incoming ion beam. The manipulation of nanostructures via IIB has been observed in many materials including Al, ZnO, Ge, Si and C [16], [17], [13], [12], [18], [19], [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Borschel et al [16], [19] studied ZnO and GaAs single-crystal nanowires and concluded that the differences between the distributions of self-interstitials and vacancies generated during irradiation was the cause of IIB [16], [19]. According to the authors, an excess of selfinterstitials or vacancies creates volume expansion or contraction, respectively, at different depths within the nanowire.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of temperature on the ion-induced bending of germanium and silicon nanowires

Camara

Hanif

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et al. 2017

Mater. Res. Express

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Nanowires can be manipulated using an ion beam via a phenomenon known as ion-induced bending (IIB). While the mechanisms behind IIB are still the subject of debate, accumulation of point defects or amorphisation are often cited as possible driving mechanisms. Previous results in the literature on IIB of Ge and Si nanowires have shown that after irradiation the aligned nanowires are fully amorphous. Experiments were recently reported in which crystalline seeds were preserved in otherwise-amorphous ion-beam-bent Si nanowires which then facilitated solid-phase epitaxial growth (SPEG) during subsequent annealing. However, the ion-induced alignment of the nanowires was lost during the SPEG. In this work, in situ ion irradiations in a transmission electron microscope at 400°C and 500°C were performed on Ge and Si nanowires, respectively, to supress amorphisation and the build-up of point defects.Both the Ge and Si nanowires were found to bend during irradiation thus drawing into question the role of mechanisms based on damage accumulation under such conditions. These experiments demonstrate for the first time a simple way of realigning single-crystal Ge and Si nanowires via IIB whilst preserving their crystal structure.

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Section: Iib Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Iib Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of temperature on the ion-induced bending of germanium and silicon nanowires

Camara

Hanif

Tunes

et al. 2017

Mater. Res. Express

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Programmable Bidirectional Folding of Metallic Thin Films for 3D Chiral Optical Antennas

Mao

Zheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Materials

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3D structures with characteristic lengths ranging from nanometer to micrometer scale often exhibit extraordinary optical properties, and have been becoming an extensively explored field for building new generation nanophotonic devices. Albeit a few methods have been developed for fabricating 3D optical structures, constructing 3D structures with nanometer accuracy, diversified materials, and perfect morphology is an extremely challenging task. This study presents a general 3D nanofabrication technique, the focused ion beam stress induced deformation process, which allows a programmable and accurate bidirectional folding (-70°-+90°) of various metal and dielectric thin films. Using this method, 3D helical optical antennas with different handedness, improved surface smoothness, and tunable geometries are fabricated, and the strong optical rotation effects of single helical antennas are demonstrated.

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Folding 2D Structures into 3D Configurations at the Micro/Nanoscale: Principles, Techniques, and Applications

Liu

Cui

et al. 2018

Advanced Materials

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configurations are no longer sufficient, either in terms of realizing certain crucial functionalities or in performance improvement. Compared to 2D structures, 3D structures have one more dimension, which enables more diversity in structure/ device design and is crucial in realizing richer physical interactions, better performance, and advanced functionalities. For example, to obtain a negative permeability from split ring resonators (SRRs) to construct negative index metamaterial, a vertical configuration of SRRs is needed to couple with the magnetic field, while planar SRRs can only couple with the electric field to obtain a negative permittivity. [4] With respect to device performance, 3D gold helixes [5] have larger polarization contrast than 2D chiral structures, [6] and dynamic 3D microcontainers [7] can realize drug delivery in a much more controllable way than absorption on 2D structures. [8] Therefore, 3D micro/nanostructures are of significant importance in such scenarios, acting as an indispensable supplement to the present 2D micro/nanostructures. However, the fabrication of 3D micro/nanostructures is a formidable challenge with the state-of-the-art equipment, because the traditional planar process cannot be used directly due to its 2D projection nature.Much effort has been devoted in past decades, and significant progress has been demonstrated with 3D micro/nanofabrication, which can be divided into two types of strategies. The first one is brand new technologies/equipment development, including 3D laser direct writing (LDW) [9] and focused ion beam (FIB) [10] processing using two-photon polymerization and ion beam milling/deposition to construct 3D structures. Great scientific advantages have been demonstrated in the fields of mechanics, optics, and biology using these techniques. [11] However, due to their intrinsic point-by-point writing style, the efficiency of LDW and FIB is limited. Moreover, the materials that can be proceeded by the two techniques are usually photoresists (two-photon absorption) and metals (FIB-assisted deposition), and transferring to other materials can be quite challenging in most cases. [5,12] The other strategy is a combination or modification of the technologies in planar processes (including lithography, deposition, and etching) and is referred to as "planar technology" in this review. In this strategy, a variety of 3D fabrication methods have been developed, such as multilayer stacking, [13] oblique angle deposition, [14] and self-aligned Compared to their 2D counterparts, 3D micro/nanostructures show larger degrees of freedom and richer functionalities; thus, they have attracted increasing attention in the past decades. Moreover, extensive applications of 3D micro/nanostructures are demonstrated in the fields of mechanics, biomedicine, optics, etc., with great advantages. However, the mainstream micro/nanofabrication technologies are planar ones; therefore, they cannot be used directly for the construction of 3D micro/nanostructures, making 3D fabrication at the m...

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Permanent bending and alignment of ZnO nanowires

Cited by 67 publications

References 37 publications

Effects of temperature on the ion-induced bending of germanium and silicon nanowires

Effects of temperature on the ion-induced bending of germanium and silicon nanowires

Programmable Bidirectional Folding of Metallic Thin Films for 3D Chiral Optical Antennas

Folding 2D Structures into 3D Configurations at the Micro/Nanoscale: Principles, Techniques, and Applications

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