Peritoneal Fluid Cytokine and Eicosanoid Levels and Their Relation to the Incidence of Peritoneal Adhesion

Abstract

Objective: To determine the peritoneal fluid content of several cytokines and eicosanoids with inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and fibrotic activities, and to assess the relationship of these levels with the incidence of peritoneal adhesions. Methods: Peritoneal fluids were collected from 30 subjects with adhesions (n = 22) or with normal pelvic anatomy (n = 8), and the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioreceptor assay. Results: The peritoneal fluid content of these factors varied considerably, with low levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF. Only IFN-γ levels were significantly lower in subjects with adhesions compared with the normal group (P < .05). The levels of total (latent + active) and active TGF-β1 were higher than those of other cytokines assayed and were significantly higher in subjects with adhesions compared with the normal group (P < .05). The peritoneal fluid content of PGE2, TXB2, and LTB4 was significantly higher than that of the cytokines and was higher, but not significantly so, in subjects with adhesions compared with normal subjects (P = .06). Conclusion: Although the effect of length of time since the adhesions were formed is not known, the results indicate that peritoneal fluid content of these cytokines and eicosanoids, with the exception of IFN-γ and TGF-β1, does not correlate with the presence of peritoneal adhesions.

Inhibition of IL-10 Receptor Function in Alveolar Macrophages by Toll-Like Receptor Agonists

“…Of note is the observation that PM responded to TLR ligands in an identical manner as did AM. Peritoneal fluids from normal humans have been shown to contain IL-10 in the range from 6 to 10 pg/ml (30,31), which is substantially lower than what we observed in normal murine BALF. However, PM are also not normally exposed to environmental particulates or microorganisms as are AM, so whether TLR-mediated IL-10R dysfunction in PM has a physiologic role in the peritoneum is not known.…”

Advances in the Pathogenesis of Adhesion Development: The Role of Oxidative Stress

“…Several in vitro and in vivo findings ascertain the antifibrogenic effect of IFN-g. For example, IL-10 inhibits IFN-g expression in most cell systems, and adhesion tissues have been shown to contain a significantly lower amount of IFN-g and a higher amount of IL-10 as compared with normal peritoneal tissue. 134 Our group has shown that expression of IFN-g was significantly reduced with the simultaneous increase in IL-10 expression in adhesion fibroblasts under hypoxic conditions. 66 We have also shown that IFN-g can block the effects of hypoxia on apoptosis.…”

Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of MMP in serosal tissue of intraperitoneal organs and adhesions

“…It is well established that MMP and TIMP expression is highly regulated at transcriptional and translational levels, and is modulated by several growth factors, cytokines and hormones 14,23,25,28,38 . Many of these growth factors and cytokines are expressed by the tissues used in our study and are present in the peritoneal fluid 9,10,30,32,39,41,42 . For instance, TGF-h, which induces peritoneal adhesion formation and fibrosis in many other tissues, differentially regulates the expression of MMPs, TIMPs and ECM, a mechanism that mediates TGF-h-induced tissue MMP-3 AND TIMP-2 EXPRESSION IN PERITONEAL SEROSAL TISSUE AND ADHESIONS 1047 fibrosis 4,5,9,32 .…”