Peristome Teeth And Spore Discharge In Mosses

Ingold, C.T.

doi:10.1080/03746605909469455

Cited by 30 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…We show that moss spores are actively released by the peristome movements, as the outer peristome teeth dig into the spore mass when closing and drag out spores when opening, which agrees with some earlier observations (Ingold ; Mueller ). The inner sides of the outer teeth have small ridges, and the tips of the teeth are hook‐shaped, which are two morphological features that both may aid in the collection of spores from inside the capsule.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Air humidity thresholds trigger active moss spore release to extend dispersal in space and time

et al. 2015

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Summary1. Understanding the complete dispersal process is important for making realistic predictions of species distributions, but mechanisms for diaspore release in wind-dispersed species are often unknown. However, diaspore release under conditions that increase the probability of longer dispersal distances and mechanisms that extend dispersal events in time may have evolutionary advantages. 2. We quantified air humidity thresholds regulating spore release in the moss Brachythecium rutabulum. We also investigated the prevailing micrometeorological conditions when these thresholds occur in nature and how they affect dispersal distances up to 100 m, using a mechanistic dispersal model. 3. We show that moss spores were mainly released when the peristome teeth were opening, as relative air humidity (RH) decreased from high values to relatively low (mainly between 90% and 75% RH). This most often occurred in the morning, when wind speeds were relatively low. Surprisingly, the model predicted that an equally high proportion of the spores would travel distances beyond 100 m (horizontally) when released in the wind conditions prevailing during events of RH decrease in the morning, that lead to peristome opening, as in the highest wind speeds. Moreover, a higher proportion of the spores reached high altitudes when released at the lower wind speeds during the morning compared to the higher speeds later in the day, indicating a possibility for extended dispersal distances when released in the morning. Dispersal in the morning is enhanced by a combination of a more unstable atmospheric surface layer that promotes vertical dispersal, and a lower wind speed that decreases the spore deposition probability onto the ground, compared to later in the day. 4. Our study demonstrates an active spore release mechanism in response to diurnally changing air humidity. The mechanism may promote longer dispersal distances, because of enhanced vertical dispersal and because spores being released in the morning have more time to travel before the wind calms down at night. The mechanism also leads to a prolonged dispersal period over the season, which may be viewed as a risk spreading in time that ultimately also leads to a higher diversity of establishment conditions, dispersal distances and directions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…opening, which agrees with some earlier observations (Ingold 1959;Mueller 1973). The inner sides of the outer teeth have small ridges, and the tips of the teeth are hookshaped, which are two morphological features that both may aid in the collection of spores from inside the capsule.…”

Section: A C T I V E M O S S S P O R E R E L E a S E B Y P E R I S T supporting

confidence: 93%

Air humidity thresholds trigger active moss spore release to extend dispersal in space and time

et al. 2015

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“…D. procumbens appears to fall into this group, having submerged sporophytes with aperistomate capsules, and . Ingold (1959) observed that the survival of spores being liberated in damp air would be higher than those discharged in dry air; as the spores would probably survive longer in damp than dry conditions. The successive deterioration of D. procumbens shoots is shown in figure 3.…”

Section: Adaptation Of D Procumbens To Aquatic Habitatmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Since no , aquatic moss had been reported in the literature from Nigeria, could the present finding be a new record? After rigorous microscopic examination of the plant material with sporophytes and with the aid of texts as well as monographs on mosses (Buck and Goffinet 2000, Ingold 1959, Matteri 1975, Miller 1971, O'Shea 2006, Richards and Edwards 1972, Richardson 1981, Vitt 1981and Vitt and Glime 1984) the moss was identified as Distichophyllum procumbens Mitt. This paper reports the observations made on the morphological features of D. procumbens, which appears to show secondary adaptation to aquatic habitat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on <i>Distichophyllum procumbens</i> Mitt. A pleurocarpous and secondarily-aquatic moss new to Nigeria

Egunyomi¹,

Oyesiku²

2017

Ife Journal of Science

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A pleurocarpous moss found to be anchored and thriving on rock in an aquatic habitat at Ago-Iwoye in Ogun State, Nigeria, was identified as Distichophyllum procumbens Mitt. and described. As the moss had been reported to be corticolous and terricolous in Ghana and Cameroon, this is the first report of its occurrence in Nigeria and of its aquatic nature in Africa. Based on field study and microscopic examination of the morphological features of the moss, observations were made on its structural adaptations to an aquatic habitat. The rheophilous adaptations include, shoots turning reddish brown when exposed in the dry season, "stem leaf " having border and strong costa, aperistomate capsule splitting into valves for spore discharge, and the presence of rhizoids only at the base of the stem without any tomentum.

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“…Further examples of moisture-dependent seed dispersal units are the spore capsules of some mosses (Ingold 1959;Haupt 1977), which show the same mechanism, but a hygrosensitive opening and closure indicating that these complex systems are even more moisture sensitive than the conifer cones.…”

Section: (C ) Cohesion Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actuation systems in plants as prototypes for bioinspired devices

Burgert

Fratzl

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

312

278

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Plants have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to actuate organ movement. The osmotic influx and efflux of water in living cells can cause a rapid movement of organs in a predetermined direction. Even dead tissue can be actuated by a swelling or drying of the plant cell walls. The deformation of the organ is controlled at different levels of tissue hierarchy by geometrical constraints at the micrometre level (e.g. cell shape and size) and cell wall polymer composition at the nanoscale (e.g. cellulose fibril orientation). This paper reviews different mechanisms of organ movement in plants and highlights recent research in the field. Particular attention is paid to systems that are activated without any metabolism. The design principles of such systems may be particularly useful for a biomimetic translation into active technical composites and moving devices.

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Peristome Teeth And Spore Discharge In Mosses

Cited by 30 publications

References 3 publications

Air humidity thresholds trigger active moss spore release to extend dispersal in space and time

Air humidity thresholds trigger active moss spore release to extend dispersal in space and time

Observations on <i>Distichophyllum procumbens</i> Mitt. A pleurocarpous and secondarily-aquatic moss new to Nigeria

Actuation systems in plants as prototypes for bioinspired devices

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