Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease: the role of platelets

Casoli, Tiziana; Stefano, Giuseppina Di; Balietti, Marta; Solazzi, Moreno; Giorgetti, Belinda; Fattoretti, Patrizia

doi:10.1007/s10522-010-9281-8

Cited by 54 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In addition, activated microglial cells synthesize inflammatory mediators by means of the activation of cyclo-oxygenases (COX) 1 and 2. Both activated microglia and reactive astrocytes that surround the senile plaques produce acute-phase proteins, complement components, prostaglandis and cytokines [44] . Given that brain inflammation triggers signaling pathways involving sympathetic and neuroendocrine systems [44] , most of the parameters indicative of this response can be found in peripheral blood, including platelets.…”

Section: Inflamatory Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both activated microglia and reactive astrocytes that surround the senile plaques produce acute-phase proteins, complement components, prostaglandis and cytokines [44] . Given that brain inflammation triggers signaling pathways involving sympathetic and neuroendocrine systems [44] , most of the parameters indicative of this response can be found in peripheral blood, including platelets. Platelet granules contain nucleotides, amines, coagulation factors, enzymes and inflammatory mediators.…”

Section: Inflamatory Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Platelet granules contain nucleotides, amines, coagulation factors, enzymes and inflammatory mediators. Chemokines, interleukins and adhesive proteins are among the most potent inflammatory signaling molecules secreted by platelets, which also synthesize and secrete prostaglandins produced by the enzymes COX-1 and 2 [44] . In addition, secreted phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and other subtypes are highly expressed in platelets [41] , and play a critical role in the regulation of the inflammatory response [45] .…”

Section: Inflamatory Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Platelet biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease

Talib

Joaquim²,

Forlenza³

2012

WJP

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The search for diagnostic and prognostic markers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been an area of active research in the last decades. Biochemical markers are correlates of intracerebral changes that can be identified in biological fluids, namely: peripheral blood (total blood, red and white blood cells, platelets, plasma and serum), saliva, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. An important feature of a biomarker is that it can be measured objectively and evaluated as (1) an indicator of disease mechanisms (markers of core pathogenic processes or the expression of downstream effects of these processes), or (2) biochemical responses to pharmacological or therapeutic intervention, which can be indicative of disease modification. Platelets have been used in neuropharmacological models since the mid-fifties, as they share several homeostatic functions with neurons, such as accumulation and release of neurotransmitters, responsiveness to variations in calcium concentration, and expression of membrane-bound compounds. Recent studies have shown that platelets also express several components related to the pathogenesis of AD, in particular to the amyloid cascade and the regulation of oxidative stress: thus they can be used in the search for biomarkers of the disease process. For instance, platelets are the most important source of circulating forms of the amyloid precursor protein and other important proteins such as Tau and glycogen synthase kinase-3B. Moreover, platelets express enzymes involved in membrane homeostasis (e.g., phospholipase A2), and markers of the inflammatory process and oxidative stress. In this review we summarize the available literature and discuss evidence concerning the potential use of platelet markers in AD.

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Section: Inflamatory Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inflamatory Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inflamatory Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Platelet biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease

Talib

Joaquim²,

Forlenza³

2012

WJP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However conflicting results exist about the pertinence of the use of these peripheral biomarkers. Among the inflammatory markers several cytokines have been measured in CSF or blood, such as interleukin 1- and 1-, interleukin-6, -10, -11 and -18, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (for review see Casoli et al, 2010;Olson & Humpel, 2010). But the results are very divergent between the different groups.…”

Section: Peripheral Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer’s Diseases: Towards Biomarkers for an Early Diagnosis

Elmoualij¹,

Dupiereux-Fettweis²,

Seguin³

et al. 2011

The Clinical Spectrum of Alzheimer's Disease -the Charge Toward Comprehensive Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies

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“…AD's familial mutations result in a hyperactivated state of circulating platelets, evident with the disease's progression [37]. The most prevalent inflammatory signaling molecules secreted by platelets include chemokines, interleukins and adhesive proteins; platelets also secrete prostaglandins produced by the enzymes COX-1 and -2 [38]. An example of platelet markers of the inflammatory response associated with AD is COX2 enzyme, elevated in platelets of AD and MCI patients [39].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Search for Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers in Blood Cells: Hypotheses-Driven Approach

et al. 2017

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Current Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnostics is based on cognitive testing, and detecting amyloid Aβ and τ pathology by brain imaging and assays of cerebrospinal fluid. However, biomarkers identifying complex pathways contributing to pathology are lacking, especially for early AD. Preferably, such biomarkers should be more cost-effective and present in easily available diagnostic tissues, such as blood. Here, we summarize the recent findings of potential early AD molecular diagnostic biomarkers in blood platelets, lymphocytes and erythrocytes. We review molecular alterations which refer to such main hypotheses of AD pathogenesis as amyloid cascade, oxidative and mitochondrial stress, inflammation and alterations in cell cycle regulatory molecules. The major advantage of such biomarkers is the potential ability to indicate individualized therapies in AD patients. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent age-related dementia worldwide and one of the major unmet, increasing medical and economic problems of the modern world. As of 2015, there were an estimated 46.8 million people with dementia worldwide. This number will increase to an estimated 74.7 million in 2030 [1].Among the neuropathological hallmarks of AD are: the progressive loss of brain neurons, synaptic degeneration and the deposition of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in such regions of the brain as the hippocampus, cortex and amygdala. Amyloid plaques consist mainly of 40-and 42-amino-acid Aβ peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42). Peptides are proteolytic cleavage products of the Aβ protein precursor (APP) but with no fully elucidated biological function. NFTs are deposits of paired helical filaments composed mainly of hyperphosphorylated τ protein, a microtubule-stabilizing protein that maintains neuronal cell structure and axonal transport. Nevertheless, neither senile plaques nor NFTs are absolute hallmarks of AD dementia, because cognitively intact aged individuals may exhibit both pathological changes upon postmortem brain examination or as assessed by positron emission tomography amyloid and τ imaging agents (amyloid-PET and τ-PET) [2][3][4][5].Clinical AD manifests by aggravating dysfunction and weakening functional cognitive processes, linked to brain neuron loss that is both progressive and permanent [4], and that within several years leads to total dependence on the caregiver and eventually to death. Advances in our knowledge of AD have shown that clinical symptoms usually develop after a long preclinical pathogenic process, lasting for decades, making early AD detection in asymptomatic patients a subject of great interest [4,5]. Increasing proof demonstrates that the therapeutic methods' effectiveness is strictly contingent on the early diagnosis of AD, before the occurrence of massive neuron loss and dementia. This highlights the key importance of biochemical biomarkers for early AD diagnostics. AD diagnostics & demand for novel, improved biomarkersThe broadly accepted recommendations for AD diagnosis...

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Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease: the role of platelets

Cited by 54 publications

References 35 publications

Platelet biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease

Platelet biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s Diseases: Towards Biomarkers for an Early Diagnosis

Search for Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers in Blood Cells: Hypotheses-Driven Approach

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