“…Ratiometric algorithms incorporating the relative amplitude or power contributions of these cardiac frequencies to their overall sum have been developed and validated in states of hypo- and hypervolemia. 1 – 4 , 6 , 7 , 16 , 17 These algorithms are referred to as Peripheral IntraVenous waveform Analysis (PIVA) in directly transduced waveforms 1 , 2 , 6 , 7 and NonInvasive Venous waveform Analysis (NIVA) in waveforms obtained non-invasively with a piezoelectric sensor placed on the wrist. 3 , 4 , 16 , 17 A number of other algorithms in the frequency domain have been developed and tested, including calculation of overall signal power or tracking changes in the amplitude of the fundamental pulse frequency across intravascular volume events.…”