Peripheral Defocus and Myopia Management: A Mini-Review

Abstract

Myopia is the most common refractive error in the world, and its’ prevalence continually increases. The potential pathological and visual complications of progressive myopia have inspired researchers to study the sources of myopia, axial elongation, and explore modalities to arrest progression. Considerable attention has been given over the past few years to the myopia risk factor known as hyperopic peripheral blur, the focus of this review. The primary theories currently believed to be the cause of myopia, the parameters considered to contribute and influence the effect of peripheral blur, such as the surface retinal area or depth of blur will be discussed. The currently available optical devices designed to provide peripheral myopic defocus will be discussed, including bifocal and progressive addition ophthalmic lenses, peripheral defocus single vision ophthalmic lenses, orthokeratology lenses, and bifocal or multifocal center distance soft lenses, as well as their effectivity as mentioned in the literature to date.

Comparison of the Myopia Control Effectiveness and Defocus of OK and HAL in Adolescents

“…The overall defocus distribution of Ok is characterized by the asymmetry of the peripheral retinal defocus between the horizontal and vertical diameters of the retina, with temporal defocus being the most obvious. Erdinest [23] showed that among the defocus of the four 90° wedge-shaped regions centered on the macula,RDV-T was the largest, followed by RDV-N, RDV-S, and RDV-I. The results of the present study were consistent with these ndings.…”

Benchmarking large language models’ performances for myopia care: a comparative analysis of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4.0, and Google Bard

“… 42 , 43 Furthermore, ChatGPT-3.5 erroneously claimed that Abiliti is an implantable device requiring surgical intervention, while in fact, Abiliti is a contact lens for myopia control available in soft and hard (orthokeratology) forms, without requiring surgical implantation. 44 , 45 The spread of such misinformation by LLM-Chatbots can mislead users, potentially hindering effective myopia management. This further highlights the importance of accurate and reliable information dissemination from LLM-Chatbots.…”

Ciliary muscles contraction leads to axial length extension——The possible initiating factor for myopia

“…Specifically, myopic individuals exhibit a larger and stiffer ciliary muscle, potentially impacting accommodative function [ 14 ]. The concept of peripheral defocus, characterized by hyperopic defocus in the outer retinal regions, has emerged as a possible contributing element in myopia development [ 15 ]. Nevertheless, the role of peripheral defocus as either a cause or consequence of myopia remains an ongoing debate [ 16 ].…”