Periodontitis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Periodontitis is a chronic, inflammatory disease that is characterized by swollen gums, degradation of jaw structure, and potentially tooth loss. Like Periodontitis, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is also highly prevalent and largely multifactorial. Type 2 Diabetes is a condition in which higher than normal blood glucose levels cannot be properly maintained as the body's normal mechanism of maintaining proper blood glucose levels, the release of insulin from pancreatic islet β-cells, becomes ineffective. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the relationship between the incidences of Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes. The risk that Type 2 Diabetes poses for the incidence of Periodontitis is analyzed. Patients afflicted with Type 2 Diabetes were found to be approximately three times as likely to eventually suffer from Periodontitis, as well. There is also emerging evidence supporting the correlation between the degree of hyperglycemia and severity of Periodontitis. Potential underlying mechanisms linking the two conditions at the cellular level have been discussed. Immune functioning and cytokine biology are among discussed mechanisms. Recent discoveries have also suggested that Periodontitis may also negatively impact glycemic control. As a result, not only should healthcare providers emphasize oral health as part of Type 2 Diabetes management, but healthy eating and physical activity should be among recommendations that make up Periodontal management.

The Association of Periodontal Diseases With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Linked Dyslipidemia in Pakistani Population

“…Positive associations have been illustrious between the severity of periodontitis and degree of hyperglycemia 14 . Periodontitis has also proven its severity connections with CVD in subjects of T2DM.…”

Evaluation of Lipocalin-2 and Visfatin, and Vitamin (D,C, and E) in Serum of Diabetic Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

“…Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder mediated by specific microorganisms, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, with periodontal pocket formation, gingival recession, or both (3,4) . The condition is started by pathogenic microbes in dental plaque attached to the tooth surface and harbors a complex microbiological community by anaerobic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Eikenella corrodens, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, among others) (5) , which increase the level of fructose in the body, causing insulin resistance to worsen (6) .…”