Periodontitis and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Potential Inflammatory Vicious Cycle

Abstract

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory immune disease associated with a dysbiotic state, influenced by keystone bacterial species responsible for disrupting the periodontal tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, the severity of periodontitis is determined by the interaction between the immune cell response in front of periodontitis-associated species, which leads to the destruction of supporting periodontal tissues and tooth loss in a susceptible host. The persistent bacterial challenge induces modifications in the permeability and ulceration of the sulcular epithelium, which facilitates the systemic translocation of periodontitis-associated bacteria into distant tissues and organs. This stimulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and a chronic activation of immune cells, contributing to a systemic pro-inflammatory status that has been linked with a higher risk of several systemic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Although periodontitis and GDM share the common feature of systemic inflammation, the molecular mechanistic link of this association has not been completely clarified. This review aims to examine the potential biological mechanisms involved in the association between periodontitis and GDM, highlighting the contribution of both diseases to systemic inflammation and the role of new molecular participants, such as extracellular vesicles and non-coding RNAs, which could act as novel molecular intercellular linkers between periodontal and placental tissues.

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Novel Benzamidine Derivatives: Newer Antibiotics for Periodontitis Treatment

“…The treatment of 4-hydroxybenzenecarboximidamide (1) with ethyl chloroacetate in anhydrous conditions produced ethyl-2-(4-carbamimidoylphenoxy)acetate (2) (Scheme 1). In this esterification reaction, the hydrogen from the hydroxyl group underwent replacement with the ethylacetate group of ethyl chloroacetate to form compound (2).…”

“…Periodontitis is a chronic oral inflammatory disorder which causes the disruption of periodontal tissue and tooth loss [ 1 ]. Reports have suggested that the global burden of severe periodontal disease (PD) has increased substantially at a severe rate of 8.44% from 1990 to 2019 worldwide [ 2 ].…”

Association between red blood cell distribution width‐to‐albumin ratio and diabetic retinopathy

“…Diabetes is a chronic, low‐grade and persistent inflammatory disease 21,22 . Normal tissue immune cells, such as regulatory T cells, macrophages, and eosinophils, exert anti‐inflammatory effects by synthesis of cytokines such as IL‐3, IL‐10, and IL‐4 thereby maintaining microenvironmental homeostasis 23,24 .…”

“…Diabetes is a chronic, low‐grade and persistent inflammatory disease. 21 , 22 Normal tissue immune cells, such as regulatory T cells, macrophages, and eosinophils, exert anti‐inflammatory effects by synthesis of cytokines such as IL‐3, IL‐10, and IL‐4 thereby maintaining microenvironmental homeostasis. 23 , 24 When diabetes and its complications occur, the AGEs, lipid metabolism disorders and OS induce monocytes, macrophages as well as natural killer cells to infiltrate into the non‐inflammatory tissues such as fat and muscle, resulting in changes in the number and types of immune cells and the release of inflammatory factors which causes chronic inflammation.…”

Pathogenesis of Pregnancy-Related Complications 1.0 and 2.0

“…The aim of the review of Bendek et al [ 16 ] was to come closer to the mechanisms involved in the association between periodontitis and GDM, which both contribute to systemic inflammation. Communication between periodontal and placental tissues via extracellular vesicles carrying non-coding RNA was discussed.…”