Periodontal status and pregnancy

Effect of pregnancy on gingival inflammation in systemically healthy women: a systematic review

“…, Diaz‐Guzman & Castellanos‐Suarez ); or they did not use the Loe & Silness () GI (GI_L&S) and could not be grouped (Ringsdorf et al. , Cohen et al. , , Arafat 1974b).…”

“…, , ,b) or due to the use of non‐standardized PI (Ringsdorf et al. , Miyazaki et al. , Malisa et al.…”

“…) or as graphics (Muramatsu & Takaesu ); or used indices that could not be pooled (Ringsdorf et al. , Miyazaki et al. , Malisa et al.…”

The role of systemic conditions and disorders in periodontal disease

“…Pregnancy and female sex hormones. Increased gingival inflammation has been observed for many years in pregnant women (85,117,163). In a longitudinal study of 121 pregnant and 61 postpartum women, Loe & Silness (82) found that all women examined during pregnancy exhibited gingivitis, but gingivitis was more severe during the second through eighth months of pregnancy.…”

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis and Oral Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women

“…The role of systemic conditions and disorders proposed to play a role in periodontal disease has been reviewed by Genco and Löe. 3 A list of factors known or suspected to influence periodontal disease occurrence and/or severity is presented in Table 1 [64][65][66][67] and osteoporosis. There are numerous factors which are common for risk of both periodontal disease and osteoporosis.…”