Periodontal Pathogens as Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cancer, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease—Is There Cause for Consideration?

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer are the most common noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). These NCDs share risk factors with periodontal disease (PD), a preventable risk factor linked to lifestyle. The discussion regarding the association between these chronic diseases is more complex. There is still a significant knowledge gap particularly of the causal relationship between PD and NCDs. In this paper, we present fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms and roles of putative periodontal bacteria to gather several hypotheses, evidence that clinical studies thus far have not produced. Although the causal hypotheses are not yet clearly established on a biological basis, prevention and prophylactic measures are recommended to prevent even the possibility of such potential risk factors.

Relationship between periodontal disease and lung cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…As periodontal diseases and lung cancer share many common and well-established risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, 35,37,38 properly adjusted hazard ratios are necessary.…”

Oral Hygiene in a Sample of Children/Adolescents Living in Family-Homes from the Province of Milan (Italy): A Pilot Study

“…During the meetings, all the children/adolescents showed affection towards the operators responsible for the project, and gradually showed more and more interest and enthusiasm for all the topics and for the practical demonstrations of oral hygiene techniques. Therefore, they took home a clear message: that being able to improve oral health could have great systemic implications for the organism, for the prevention of pathologies, and therefore for the quality of life in individuals [18][19][20][21].…”

Influence of Myeloperoxidase Levels on Periodontal Disease: An Applied Clinical Study

“…It has also been shown that MPO, during periodontal disease, mediates the immune response at the endothelial level through specific heat shock proteins which has been shown to be useful for stimulating the production of cross-reactive T cells [47][48][49][50][51][52]. In this regard, this process which sees MPO as a key modulator [53][54][55][56][57][58], has also been shown to influence the host defense mechanism that determines a subsequent activation of endothelial cell production [55,[58][59][60][61][62][63] which leads to an increased risk of future tissue damage effects due to periodontal pathogens bacteria in several oral diseases [43,[64][65][66][67][68]. Moreover, the oral microbiota is a key factor in the protection against the colonization of extrinsic pathogens that could impact systemic health [68].…”

“…In this regard, this process which sees MPO as a key modulator [53][54][55][56][57][58], has also been shown to influence the host defense mechanism that determines a subsequent activation of endothelial cell production [55,[58][59][60][61][62][63] which leads to an increased risk of future tissue damage effects due to periodontal pathogens bacteria in several oral diseases [43,[64][65][66][67][68]. Moreover, the oral microbiota is a key factor in the protection against the colonization of extrinsic pathogens that could impact systemic health [68]. However, the imbalance of the ecosystem together with high levels of MPO, which can be caused by a weak immune system, lead to a challenge for oral and systemic health [68].…”

“…Moreover, the oral microbiota is a key factor in the protection against the colonization of extrinsic pathogens that could impact systemic health [68]. However, the imbalance of the ecosystem together with high levels of MPO, which can be caused by a weak immune system, lead to a challenge for oral and systemic health [68]. The ecological conditions of these habitats are constantly changing, so ecosystems are subject to frequent variations [68,69].…”