Perinatal Risk Factors for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Extremely Low Gestational Age Infants: A Pregnancy Disorder–Based Approach

Pregnancy disorders leading to very preterm birth influence neonatal outcomes: results of the population-based ACTION cohort study

“…In our data, once GA was taken into account, BPD did not appear to be associated with inflammatory causes of delivery but rather with placentation disorders. The effect of preeclampsia on BPD is disputed (7)(8)(9)(10), with a population-based study in Australia and accompanying meta-analysis refuting the association (9), but with two recent single-center studies not included in the meta-analysis (7,10) lending support to the "vascular hypothesis" of BPD. It is known that an array of circulating antiangiogenic factors might play a role in preeclampsia and SGA (24) and could represent the link between abnormal placentation and a pathological development of lung blood vessels (25).…”

“…According to our data, GA was differentially associated with the pregnancy complications leading to preterm delivery and was a strong predictor of outcomes. Adjustment for GA is widely used in observational studies examining predictors of neonatal outcomes after preterm birth (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)9,10,30). Yet this approach is not uncontroversial and can lead to biased conclusions (31).…”

“…Mortality, e.g., has been found to be higher (2,3), lower (4,5), or equal (6) in preeclampsia as compared with spontaneous preterm labor. The same discrepancies occur for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (7)(8)(9)(10).…”

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: The Role of Oxidative Stress

“…Factors linked to BPD include: 1) low gestational age at birth (Kraybill et al, 1989;Darlow & Horwood, 1992;Antonucci et al, 2004;Ambalavanan & Novak, 2003), 2) low birth weight (Darlow & Horwood, 1992;Hakulinenet al, 1988;Avery et al, 1987;Ambalavanan et al, 2008), 3) growth restriction (small for gestational age) (Durrmeyer X et al, 2011;Lal Mk et al, 2003;Zeitlin J et al, 2010), 4) male sex (Kraybill et al, 1989;Darlow & Horwood, 1992;Ambalavanan & Novak, 2003;Avery et al, 1987), and 5) white race (Avery et al, 1987;Palta et al, 1991). In a recent cohort, BPD affected 85% of infants born at 22 weeks' gestation vs. 23% of those born at 28 weeks' (Stoll et al, 2010).…”

Lung Diseases - Selected State of the Art Reviews

“…Factors linked to BPD include: 1) low gestational age at birth Darlow & Horwood, 1992;Antonucci et al, 2004;Ambalavanan & Novak, 2003), 2) low birth weight (Darlow & Horwood, 1992;Hakulinenet al, 1988;Avery et al, 1987;Ambalavanan et al, 2008), 3) growth restriction (small for gestational age) (Durrmeyer X et al, 2011;Lal Mk et al, 2003;Zeitlin J et al, 2010), 4) male sex Darlow & Horwood, 1992;Ambalavanan & Novak, 2003;Avery et al, 1987), and 5) white race (Avery et al, 1987;Palta et al, 1991). In a recent cohort, BPD affected 85% of infants born at 22 weeks' gestation vs. 23% of those born at 28 weeks' (Stoll et al, 2010).…”