Perinatal exposure to germinated brown rice and its gamma amino-butyric acid-rich extract prevents high fat diet-induced insulin resistance in first generation rat offspring

Abstract

BackgroundEvidence suggests perinatal environments influence the risk of developing insulin resistance.ObjectiveThe present study was aimed at determining the effects of intrauterine exposure to germinated brown rice (GBR) and GBR-derived gamma (γ) aminobutyric acid (GABA) extract on epigenetically mediated high fat diet–induced insulin resistance.DesignPregnant Sprague Dawley rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD), HFD+GBR, or HFD+GABA throughout pregnancy until 4 weeks postdelivery. The pups were weighed weekly and maintained on normal pellet until 8 weeks postdelivery. After sacrifice, biochemical markers of obesity and insulin resistance including oral glucose tolerance test, adiponectin, leptin, and retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4) were measured. Hepatic gene expression changes and the global methylation and histone acetylation levels were also evaluated.ResultsDetailed analyses revealed that mothers given GBR and GABA extract, and their offspring had increased adiponectin levels and reduced insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, leptin, oxidative stress, and RBP4 levels, while their hepatic mRNA levels of GLUT2 and IPF1 were increased. Furthermore, GBR and GABA extract lowered global DNA methylation levels and modulated H3 and H4 acetylation levels.ConclusionsThese results showed that intrauterine exposure to GBR-influenced metabolic outcomes in offspring of rats with underlying epigenetic changes and transcriptional implications that led to improved glucose homeostasis.

The Association between High Fat Diet around Gestation and Metabolic Syndrome-related Phenotypes in Rats: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“… 89 a,b W M, F butter 98 YA BW, GLU, TG Kozak R. 90 LE M margarine na YA BW, GLU, INS Adamu H.A. 16 SD M corn oil + cream milk 49 PPP BW, LEP, INS Trottier G. 38 , 91 SD both corn oil + cream milk 26.5 PPP FAT, LEP Couvreur O. 92 a,b W M, F palm oil 89 YA BW, LEP, GLU, INS, TG Férézou-Viala J.…”

“…HFD treatment was imposed on dams by feeding with well-defined commercial (35 studies), custom made (13 studies), or chow-based diets (11 studies) mostly with high fat content. Feeding was reported as ad libitum in 45 of 47 studies (in two studies food availability was set, refs 16 and 17 ) Offspring were reared on the same or similar diet to the one fed to control dams (data not shown).…”

Sprouted Grains: A Comprehensive Review

“…The effects of white rice, brown rice and germinated brown rice in the dietary management of cardiovascular diseases have been recently investigated by Imam et al [ 238 ] who highlighted the modulation of the lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in rats. In pregnant rats the exposure to high-fat diet plus germinated brown rice until 4 weeks post-delivery, influenced metabolic outcomes in offspring of rats with underlying epigenetic changes and transcriptional implications, that led to improved glucose homeostasis and reduced the risk of insulin resistance manifestations [ 239 ]. Germinated brown rice supplied in the diet also reduced obesity complications in high-fat diet induced-obese rats, through the improvement of lipid profiles and reduction of leptin level and white adipose tissue mass [ 240 ].…”

An Updated Review on Pharmaceutical Properties of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

“…Moreover, pre-germinated brown rice lowered HbA(1c) and adipocytokine (TNF-α and PAI-1) concentration and increased the adiponectin level in type-2 diabetic rats, leading to the prevention of potential diabetic complications [60]. In addition, high fat diet-induced diabetic pregnant rats fed with the germinated brown rice lead to the increase in adiponectin levels and the reduction of insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, leptin, and oxidative stress in their offspring [61]. On the other hand, blackish purple pigmented rice with a giant embryo significantly decreased blood glucose and plasma insulin levels, adipokine concentrations, and hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities in ovariectomized rats [62].…”