Performance of Standard Power/Energy Metric under Fast Changes in Active Energy Flow Direction

Drápela, Jiří; Morávek, Jan; Radil, Lukas; Mastny, Petr

doi:10.1109/ichqp46026.2020.9177900

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Most of today's smart RMs measure increments of the active single-phase energy that passes through a point of measurement (PoM) in a certain time interval or measuring window (TMW, typically 1 s) [14]. Supposing a three-phase four-wire (3P4W) LV system and a customer connection, three values of energy increments are obtained.…”

Section: Active Energy Registration In Revenue Metersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1, where the subscript Y indicates the specific PoM. The first two methods, RMΣ1ph and RM3ph, are standard methods implemented in current static RMs [14], and the third method, RMSYM has been derived from [6] and [9].…”

Section: Active Energy Registration In Revenue Metersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that the difference |ΔP + -𝛥𝑃 𝑏𝑎𝑙 | is an absolute value to prevent anticipating the responsibility for ΔPHID at this stage. Additionally, in (13) and (14), KPI is presented as a function of symmetrical components of the current measured at PoC (𝐼 𝑌 + , 𝐼 𝑌 − , and 𝐼 𝑌 0 ), positive sequence current of the corresponding balanced state (Ibal), and grid resistance ratio RN/RL:…”

Section: B Estimation Of Additional Losses Due To Unbalancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The imbalance might even be increased with power balancing devices (e.g., a controlled immersion heater and hot water tank), balancing the power at a prosumer point of connection (PoC) and utilizing the excess produced energy intentionally and controllably (e.g., for heating [12], [13]). Studies [14], [15] have shown that customers with inappropriate power balancing may still use the network as an inherent balancer or even accumulator while taking advantage of the active energy measurement and registration metrics in RMs. It can be deduced that with an increasing number of such customers, the standard (consuming only) customers will be billed for the DS operation costs unfairly, as shown in previous studies [3], [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revenue Metering of Unbalanced Prosumers in Energy Communities

Klusáček

Drápela

Langella

2023

IEEE Open J. Power Energy

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The presence of power generating plants owned by prosumers may lead to unbalanced bidirectional energy flows at the points of connection to the relevant distribution systems. This will impact future energy communities, where appropriate metering within the community is a crucial issue for billing purposes. This paper shows that the current metrics for active energy measurement and the registration of three-phase revenue meters may fail to fairly charge unbalanced prosumers for their use of the distribution system as an inherent phase-to-phase balancer. On the other hand, it is proven here that adopting metrics based on positive sequence power/energy measurement would lead to more fair billing within the community. A comparative study was performed using a simplified but realistic model of a distribution system feeding two prosumers (i.e., an archetype of an energy community). First, representative case studies were considered. Then, a more realistic simulation of a single day of operation was conducted. The main contribution of the paper is a detailed and systematic comparison of the methods used for measuring and sorting energy into registers in revenue meters to support the ongoing discussions about fair metering within future energy communities.

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Section: Active Energy Registration In Revenue Metersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Active Energy Registration In Revenue Metersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Estimation Of Additional Losses Due To Unbalancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revenue Metering of Unbalanced Prosumers in Energy Communities

Klusáček

Drápela

Langella

2023

IEEE Open J. Power Energy

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“…However, the development of distributed generating plants in recent decades has changed the paradigm of DSs. The energy flow is typically intentionally diverted in the prosumers' installations behind their revenue meters (RMs) [3], [4] in a local energy community [5], or on the scale of a grid-tie microgrid [6], leading to bidirectional energy flows. Such changes in the energy flow direction may be periodic as a result of the concurring operation of a generating power plant and an energy divertor with specific hardware [7] providing full-cycle pulsewidth regulation (PWR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of Smart Revenue Meters Under Bidirectional Active Energy Flows in Energy Communities

Klusacek,

Langella,

Meyer

et al. 2024

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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Bidirectional active energy flows are expected to increase in electrical distribution systems worldwide as a result of future incentives to exchange energy within local energy communities. Distributed generation (e.g., solar rooftop photovoltaic systems) in combination with full-cycle pulse-width regulated loads (e.g., thermal appliances or some energy diverters), battery storage systems, or regenerative loads will result in periodic changes in the energy flow direction. If the regulation periods are close to the aggregation time window of smart revenue meters (RMs), the deviation from the correct readings of export and import registers might be significant, Subsequently, economic transactions that rely on readings from RMs, especially in community grids, might fail. The paper presents an overview of the active power and energy metrics that are either already being implemented in static RMs or derived from other applications of active power measurement. A parametric analysis and an experimental case-study demonstrated quantitatively that different metrics and different influencing factors/conditions can lead to large deviations in the readings of RMs in community grids, causing significant technical and financial consequences. Finally, a new testing procedure capable of verifying the susceptibility of RMs to these quickly changing bidirectional energy flows is proposed and experimentally demonstrated with the goal of including it in future updates of the relevant standards.

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