Eco-routing is a vehicle navigation method that aims to minimize fuel or energy consumption for a given trip. It is based on a hypothesis that we can trade extra travel time for lower consumption. While the hypothesis was experimentally verified the design of a method that would fully exploit its potential proves challenging. Current solutions hinge on assumption that energy spent on any given road does not change in time. We challenge validity of this assumption by studying performance of such methods in detailed second-bysecond simulation that pronounces the time-dependencies. This allows us to quantify the real savings attainable with current eco-routing. I. INTRODUCTION Eco-routing 1 emerged as one of the strategies that aim to lower vehicle operating costs [12], [6], [4], [2]. The idea is to minimize energy (or fuel) consumption by route selection: given some origin and destination, eco-routing plots a route such that energy (fuel) needed to finish the trip is minimal. The routing is usually done on a graph where nodes represent junctions, edges represent roads and costs are estimated energies needed to travel between two junctions the road connects. Minimal path routing 2 can then be used to find the route that minimizes total energy for the trip. Authors typically reduce the complex time-variant functions that describe the costs. They must be time-invariant and nonnegative in order to use Dijkstra's routing algorithm, which is a common choice between authors. Validation is often done using the same assumptions. Full experimental validation would require a host of identical vehicles to depart from spatially and temporally identical place in order to measure consumptions on different paths to destination reliably.
Public support for government institutions tends to increase in the face of threats such as armed conflict, terrorism, or natural disasters. This phenomenon, known as the 'rally-'round-the-flag' effect, has also been observed as a response to the Covid-19 pandemic in many countries. Citizens' trust in the government's good intentions and ability to handle a crisis is very important, as it gives government the legitimacy to take strong measures. High trust in government also increases citizens' willingness to comply with these measures. The aim of this study is to examine the 'rally-'round-the-flag' effect in the Czech Republic, analyse the characteristics related to the increase in trust in government, and test the relationship between trust in government and compliance with anti-pandemic measures. The analysis uses data from five waves of the Czech Household Panel Study (2016-2020) and finds a dramatic increase in trust in government in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. A relatively higher increase in trust in government was observed among people with a low level of education and low social trust. Overall, however, the rise in trust in government is more of a general tendency across society than it is an increase in one specific group of the population. Trust in government is also linked to compliance with anti-pandemic measures.
The presence of power generating plants owned by prosumers may lead to unbalanced bidirectional energy flows at the points of connection to the relevant distribution systems. This will impact future energy communities, where appropriate metering within the community is a crucial issue for billing purposes. This paper shows that the current metrics for active energy measurement and the registration of three-phase revenue meters may fail to fairly charge unbalanced prosumers for their use of the distribution system as an inherent phase-to-phase balancer. On the other hand, it is proven here that adopting metrics based on positive sequence power/energy measurement would lead to more fair billing within the community. A comparative study was performed using a simplified but realistic model of a distribution system feeding two prosumers (i.e., an archetype of an energy community). First, representative case studies were considered. Then, a more realistic simulation of a single day of operation was conducted. The main contribution of the paper is a detailed and systematic comparison of the methods used for measuring and sorting energy into registers in revenue meters to support the ongoing discussions about fair metering within future energy communities.
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