Performance of sea sponges micro symbionts as a biomaterial in biodegradation naphthalene waste of modified

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to understand sponge species, micro symbiont, performance, mechanisms, and types of compounds resulting from biodegradation. The analytical method is applied by selecting the model, results from characterization and morphological identification, phenotype, genotype. Selected of micro symbiont are made as suspensions, interacted with modified naphthalene contaminated waste. The biodegradation process using the Bacillus Sp (BS) isolates sponge Neopetrosia Sp and Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus (AC) isolated from sponge Callyspongia Aerizusa, was carried out by interacting a microscopic suspension of 5,000 mg/L naphthalene waste for 25 days. Micro symbiont biodegradation results by determining the concentration of contaminants and biodegradation products, in the form of pure organic compounds using GC-MS, and the analysis of functional groups of natural components using IR. Destruction of the naphthalene molecule occurs through an enzymatic reaction mechanism, observed based on visible parameters. The performance of BS symbiont biodegradation on naphthalene is in the range of 7.34% - 51.37%, while the AC range is 5.84% -37.26% in w/v, achieved within 5-25 days interaction. Biodegradation products based on functional groups were identified as compounds of aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acids, esters, alkanes. Observation of biodegradation parameters confirmed pH changes, increased optical density values, gas bubbles formed and the smell of fermentation.

Comparison of Biodegradation Performance of Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria Consortium Against Anthracene and Pyrene

“…Marine sponge symbiont bacteria code Sp1-Bc, Sp2-Ps, Sp3-Ac, (Table 3), methanol pa, n-hexane for GC, anthracene cas number 000120-12-7and pyrene cas number 000129-00-0 (Supelco), Na2SO¬4 pa, aquabides, physiological 0.9% NaCl, (commercially obtained), set of materials for sponge morphology analysis, set of materials for standard biochemical tests following the guidelines in Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual [59] and set of materials for genotypic analysis of bacterial isolates. Bacterial isolates of marine sponge symbionts are the research stock, part of a previous publication [11,29,32,37]…”

“…The phenotypic analysis also gave clues that it could be concluded that the bacterial isolate coded Sp1, which was isolated from the sponge Niphates sp., belongs to the Bacillus group, Sp2 or sponge isolate Hyrtios erectus, is a bacterium from the Pseudomonas group. In contrast, the isolate coded Sp3 isolated from the sponge Clathria (Thalysias) reinwardtii is a bacterium belonging to the Acinetobacter group [22,24,29]. data on the grouping of marine sponge symbiont bacteria (Table 2), the three types of isolates were given a new code following the suspected bacterial class, Sp1-Bc, Sp2-Ps and Sp3-Ac, respectively.…”

“…The production of mucus with enzyme characteristics is produced as an effort for bacteria to defend themselves to survive in PAH contaminated media. Therefore, observation of physical changes in the interaction media is oriented towards the performance of enzymatic reactions with the appearance of fermentation odor parameters and abundance of gas bubbles [29][30][31].…”

“…Morphology, cell structure, and types of sea sponge samples in the study were analyzed at the Microbiology Laboratory of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Central Java. Sponge types and morphological data are part of the researcher's stock from previous publications [11,29,32,37,42] Isolation of bacteria using Swab method, purification by a direct plating method, morphological analysis by direct observation, Gram staining, phenotypic analysis and determination of isolates of marine sponge symbiont bacteria following the Laboratory Manual procedure [59]. The data showed (Table 2) is the researcher's stock, part of previous publications [29,32,37].…”

“…Character and species of isolates of marine sponge symbiont bacteria were determined through genotypic analysis to see the sequence and sequence of nitrogen base pairs using the PCR method (Table 3). The data displayed is the researcher's stock and is part of the previous publication [11,29,32,37,42] 4.6 Biodegradation interactions and processes…”