Performance of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharide from Malaysian Ganoderma lucidum for the fungivore red hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) in Zebrafish embryo

Taufek, Norhidayah Mohd; Harith, Hanis Hazeera; Rahim, Muhamad Hafiz Abd; Ilham, Zul; Rowan, Neil J.; Wan‐Mohtar, Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad

doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100322

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…It can reduce their proliferation, as suggested by Zeng et al, 2020 [31] . A lower IC 50 value demonstrated higher toxicity and vice versa [32] . The tested EPS-BG concentration (<4 mg/mL) was considered low, yet effective against both normal and cancerous cell line as in agreement with the same EPS-BG from French-originated G. lucidum (60 µg/mL) [10] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pellet diameter of <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> in a repeated-batch fermentation for the trio total production of biomass-exopolysaccharide-endopolysaccharide and its anti-oral cancer beta-glucan response

et al. 2020

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The pellet morphology and diameter range (DR) of Ganoderma lucidum were observed in a repeated-batch fermentation (RBF) for the trio total production of biomass, exopolysaccharide (EPS) and endopolysaccharide (ENS). Two factors were involved in RBF; broth replacement ratio (BRR: 60%, 75% and 90%) and broth replacement time point (BRTP: log, transition and stationary phase) in days. In RBF, 34.31 g/L of biomass favoured small-compact pellets with DR of 20.67 µm< d < 24.00 µm (75% BRR, day 11 of BRTP). EPS production of 4.34 g/L was prone to ovoid-starburst pellets with DR of 34.33 µm< d <35.67 µm (75% BRR, day 13 of BRTP). Meanwhile, the highest 2.43 g/L of ENS production favoured large-hollow pellets with DR of 34.00 µm< d < 38.67 µm (90% BRR, day 13 of BRTP). In addition, RBF successfully shortened the biomass-EPS–ENS fermentation period (31, 33 and 35 days) from batch to 5 days, in seven consecutive cycles of RBF. In a FTIR detection, β-glucan (BG) from EPS and ENS extracts were associated with β-glycosidic linkages (2925 cm −1 , 1635 cm −1 , 1077 cm −1 , 920 cm −1 and 800 cm −1 wavelengths) with similar 1 H NMR spectral behaviour (4.58, 3.87 and 3.81 ppm). Meanwhile, 4 mg/L of BG gave negative cytotoxic effects on normal gingival cell line (hGF) but induced antiproliferation (IC 50 = 0.23 mg/mL) against cancerous oral Asian cellosaurus cell line (ORL-48). Together, this study proved that G. lucidum mycelial pellets could withstand seven cycles of long fermentation condition and possessed anti-oral cancer beta-glucan, which suits large-scale natural drug fermentation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pellet diameter of <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> in a repeated-batch fermentation for the trio total production of biomass-exopolysaccharide-endopolysaccharide and its anti-oral cancer beta-glucan response

et al. 2020

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“…This constitutes the first toxicology study that addresses bioreactor-cultured European G. applanatum (temperature climate mushroom) extracts where findings are compared to that of extracts derived from its sister G. lucidum ( Table 1 ). Three studies have previously reported on the evaluation of EPS from G. lucidum using ZFET assay (2648 μg/mL) [ 11 ], normal prostate cell line (500 μg/mL) [ 48 ], and normal human lung cell (1000 μg/mL) [ 49 ]. The findings from this present study reports on testing and evaluation of both non-toxic mycelial EPS (1410 μg/mL) and ENS (870 μg/mL) of stirred-tank bioreactor grown G. applanatum samples using the zebrafish 3.0 toxicity model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the first day, embryos were collected, washed, and then incubated in Danio-SprintM solution. Dead and coagulated embryos were discarded in an attempt to find healthy embryos [ 11 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results indicate that mortality, hatching rate, heart rate, morphological malformation or teratogenic defects were observed using THUNDER Imager 3D Live Cell & 3D Cell Culture & 3D Assay, Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany. Heartbeat (1 min) and lethal endpoints (no heartbeat and clear coagulation) were assessed as according to Taufek et al, [ 11 ]. Anomalous development includes yolk sac oedema, curved body, non-hatched, bent tail and pericardial oedema.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our study used the ZFET strategy as it was previously reported to be a fast, affordable and sensitive approach [ 11 ]; it also offers greater flexibility in terms of using multiple sample insertions to evaluate toxicological effects due to early stages of embryonic development [ 11 ] and for continuity in terms of relevance to the gastrointestinal anatomy in small intestine mammals [ 22 ]. This study reports on the use of ZFET assay for testing European G. applanatum extracts using seven different EPS-ENS concentrations that specifically addresses LC 50 , embryonic hatching delays, teratogenic defect, and heart rate response with clear microscopic images.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications

Wan‐Mohtar

Ilham

Jamaludin

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Natural mycelial exopolysaccharide (EPS) and endopolysaccharide (ENS) extracted from bioreactor-cultivated European Ganoderma applanatum mushrooms are of potential high commercial value for both food and adjacent biopharmaceutical industries. In order to evaluate their potential toxicity for aquaculture application, both EPS (0.01–10 mg/mL) and ENS (0.01–10 mg/mL) extracts were tested for Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZFET); early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) were also analyzed between 24 and 120 h post-fertilization (HPF). Both EPS and ENS are considered non-toxic with LC50 of 1.41 mg/mL and 0.87 mg/mL respectively. Both EPS and ENS did not delay hatching and teratogenic defect towards ZE with <1.0 mg/mL, respectively. No significant changes in the ZE heart rate were detected following treatment with the two compounds tested (EPS: 0.01–10 mg/mL: 176.44 ± 0.77 beats/min and ENS: 0.01–10 mg/mL: 148.44 ± 17.75 beats/min) compared to normal ZE (120–180 beats/min). These initial findings support future pre-clinical trials in adult fish models with view to safely using EPS and ENS as potential feed supplements for supplements for development of the aquaculture industry.

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Cost-Benefit Analysis and Industrial Potential of Exopolysaccharides

Fukuda

Kono

2021

Microbial Exopolysaccharides as Novel and Significant Biomaterials

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Performance of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharide from Malaysian Ganoderma lucidum for the fungivore red hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) in Zebrafish embryo

Cited by 22 publications

References 41 publications

Pellet diameter of <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> in a repeated-batch fermentation for the trio total production of biomass-exopolysaccharide-endopolysaccharide and its anti-oral cancer beta-glucan response

Pellet diameter of <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> in a repeated-batch fermentation for the trio total production of biomass-exopolysaccharide-endopolysaccharide and its anti-oral cancer beta-glucan response

Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications

Cost-Benefit Analysis and Industrial Potential of Exopolysaccharides

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