“…A substantial body of work has investigated the effects of age, educational back-ground, and race on neuropsychological (NP) test performance, and additional studies have been conducted to understand the influences of socioeconomic disadvantage and negative stereotypes (McKay, Doverspike, Bowen-Hilton, & McKay, 2003), multilin-gualism Flores et al, 2017), and resource attainment (Ostrosky-Solis, Canseco, Quintanar, Meneses, & Ardila, 1985) on neurocognitive functioning. South Africa has a history of neuropsychological research and assessment focused on the application of cross-cultural norms (Suchy, 2016), yet gaps still exist due to the many challenges associated with developing clinically useful norms for the complex cultural/racial/ethnic admixture of groups in this country (Nell, 1994;Watts, 2008;Watts & Shuttleworth-Edwards, 2016).…”