“…In experimental groups, the mass concentrations of particles, YYS crude oil, and bacteria were 1500, 500, and 1500 mg/L (mass ratio 3:1:3) or 50, 500, and 50 mg/L (mass ratio 1:10:1), respectively. The particle concentration range used was that observed in the natural nearshore environment. ,,, A high particle concentration provides more opportunities for OPA formation, facilitates the fragmentation of oil droplets, and increases the amount of captured oil. ,,, For the control group (section 2 of the SI), the mass concentrations of particles and YYS crude oil were 1500 and 500 mg/L (mass ratio 3:1) or 50 and 500 mg/L (mass ratio 1:10), respectively. Three parallel experiments were set up for each sample.…”