“…The hydrodynamic resistance being low, such membranes require low hydrostatic pressures for a high contaminant rejection and solvent flux [6]. Nevertheless, the wide range of pore size enables MF to find applications across many areas including but not limited to pharmaceuticals [7], wastewater treatment [8], food [9], desalination [2] and biotechnology [10].…”
Since its inception in the 19 th century, microfiltration (MF) has evolved as a membrane-based separation technology for treating various effluents and wastewaters. This review aims to familiarize its readers with general and specific research trends on various topics in MF. The level of research interest has been measured by the number of publications in that area for each year. An increasing research trend was observed from the number of publications since 2009 to 2018 with MF as the major topic. During the past decade, MF articles have spanned in about 150 different journals, with The Journal of Membrane Science, Desalination and Separation and Purification Technology being the major ones. Major topics of interest include membrane fabrication and modification, waste water treatment and fouling studies, while a significant research increase was seen in various fabrication methods and MF application in the food sector. MF modeling still remains a topic which needs further research output, and has experienced a decline over the past years. Several potential research areas are also identified in this review which will help future researchers to materialize their efforts into the right direction.
“…The hydrodynamic resistance being low, such membranes require low hydrostatic pressures for a high contaminant rejection and solvent flux [6]. Nevertheless, the wide range of pore size enables MF to find applications across many areas including but not limited to pharmaceuticals [7], wastewater treatment [8], food [9], desalination [2] and biotechnology [10].…”
Since its inception in the 19 th century, microfiltration (MF) has evolved as a membrane-based separation technology for treating various effluents and wastewaters. This review aims to familiarize its readers with general and specific research trends on various topics in MF. The level of research interest has been measured by the number of publications in that area for each year. An increasing research trend was observed from the number of publications since 2009 to 2018 with MF as the major topic. During the past decade, MF articles have spanned in about 150 different journals, with The Journal of Membrane Science, Desalination and Separation and Purification Technology being the major ones. Major topics of interest include membrane fabrication and modification, waste water treatment and fouling studies, while a significant research increase was seen in various fabrication methods and MF application in the food sector. MF modeling still remains a topic which needs further research output, and has experienced a decline over the past years. Several potential research areas are also identified in this review which will help future researchers to materialize their efforts into the right direction.
“…The hydrodynamic resistance being low, such membranes require low hydrostatic pressures for a high contaminant rejection and solvent flux [ 103 ]. One of the advantages of MF over other membrane processes is its applicability across numerous areas—including but not limited to pharmaceuticals [ 104 ], wastewater treatment [ 105 ], food [ 106 ], desalination [ 107 ], and biotechnology [ 108 ] due to their wide range of pore sizes, and it can be operated at low pressure. The enhancement of the MF membrane performance is usually focused on the improvement of the membrane’s permeability, selectivity, resistance to fouling, and cost reduction.…”
Section: Membrane Processes For Water and Wastewater Treatmentsmentioning
The improvement of membrane applications for wastewater treatment has been a focal point of research in recent times, with a wide variety of efforts being made to enhance the performance, integrity and environmental friendliness of the existing membrane materials. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are sustainable nanomaterials derived from microorganisms and plants with promising potential in wastewater treatment. Cellulose nanomaterials offer a satisfactory alternative to other environmentally harmful nanomaterials. However, only a few review articles on this important field are available in the open literature, especially in membrane applications for wastewater treatment. This review briefly highlights the circular economy of waste lignocellulosic biomass and the isolation of CNCs from waste lignocellulosic biomass for membrane applications. The surface chemical functionalization technique for the preparation of CNC-based materials with the desired functional groups and properties is outlined. Recent uses of CNC-based materials in membrane applications for wastewater treatment are presented. In addition, the assessment of the environmental impacts of CNCs, cellulose extraction, the production techniques of cellulose products, cellulose product utilization, and their end-of-life disposal are briefly discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects for the development of CNC from waste biomass for application in wastewater treatment are discussed extensively. Finally, this review unraveled some important perceptions on the prospects of CNC-based materials, especially in membrane applications for the treatment of wastewater.
“…Moreover, MF is done under a pressure gradient of 1-3 bar following the sieving mechanism [15]. The wide range of pore size in these films has allowed them to be applied in many fields such as desalination [16], wastewater treatment [17,18], and in the food field, especially in the milk and juice concentration and clarification fields [19][20][21], in the purification of pharmaceuticals [22], and as downstream processing in biotechnology [23].…”
Section: Microfiltration and Ultrafiltrationmentioning
The obtained plants and by-products during food and agricultural manufacturing processes are sources for many bioactive components that attract industrial and academic interest. The essential method of obtaining these bioactive components is the extraction process by using solvents. The efficiency of the extraction processes mainly depends on the choice and selectivity of these solvents. However, the most challenging step is recovering the components from the solvent to obtain the active part and pure products. In this recovery process, many methods were applied, such as evaporation and adding assistant chemicals, which had many downsides as energy consumption and unwanted product. Consequently, membrane technology such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), membrane distillation (MD), and osmosis distillation (OD) has been applied as a new approach in concentrating plants extract. Since this new approach has proved its efficiency in this field, the main objective of this paper is to provide a review of academic studies that have addressed using different membrane techniques to concentrate the plant extracts.
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