“…Johnson–Cook equations [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ] are commonly used to model materials that are exposed to deformation in a wide range of strain rates and temperatures. The general form of the Johnson–Cook equation is [ 38 , 40 ]: where A —initial, static yield strength; B —parameter of plastic strength; ε p —effective plastic strain; n —exponent of plastic deformation strength; C —material parameter specifying the impact of the intensity of the plastic speed deformation; , —effective plastic and reference strain rates; T , T amb , T melt —current, ambient and melting temperatures; and m —exponent of thermal plasticity.…”