Performance and economic investigation of a combined phosphoric acid fuel cell/organic Rankine cycle/electrolyzer system for sulfuric acid production; Energy‐based organic fluid selection

Abstract

SUMMARY In this article, the application of a hybrid phosphoric acid fuel cell and organic Rankine cycle (PAFC/ORC) system was thermo‐economically investigated for sulfuric acid production in Sarcheshmeh copper complex (SCC); the second largest copper deposit worldwide. The electricity that is produced by the system is consumed by electrolyzer to produce the hydrogen and sulfuric acid. Two scenarios were considered for applying the PAFC thermal energy as thermal source of the ORC to produce further power. The performance of the system was investigated considering various important parameters such as organic fluid type, PAFC current density (IPAFC), fuel & air consumption factors as well as the ORC turbine inlet pressure (Pi, ORC). The unit cost of sulfuric acid and the hybrid system simple payback period were obtained as 0.0215$/kg and 3.65 years, respectively.

Carbon and graphene quantum dots in fuel cell application: An overview

“…Some methods can use the dumping of carbon‐based raw material to produce new material rich in oxygen‐containing functional groups, and this is great for solubility and functionalization. Table 1 describes the different origins and synthesis methods of GQDs 13‐33,35 . GQDs can be produced by physical or chemical means of cutting from materials such as graphene, graphite oxide, coal, CNTs, or carbon fibers (CFs).…”

“…Due to their similar performance, operational and client perspective of fossil‐fuel innovations, hydrogen and fuel cell technology provide more individual preference in the transformation to a low‐carbon economy. The companies also provide useful protection against other admired innovations, such as carbon capture and storage, bio‐energy and hybrid heat pumps, which cannot be supplied 23 …”

“…The companies also provide useful protection against other admired innovations, such as carbon capture and storage, bio-energy and hybrid heat pumps, which cannot be supplied. 23 A major difference since the last "hyper cycle' in the 2000s has been that the production scale up to decreases the costs mean that hydrogen and fuel cells have become commercialized in various industries, since the portable cycle has started to rise: the large production of fuel cell cars has started and hundreds of thousands are now fuel cell-powered. Fuel cells and hydrogen are becoming more and more popular.…”

Current Research Trends and Perspectives on Solid-State Nanomaterials in Hydrogen Storage

“…Based on the electrolyte used, fuel cells can be classified into six species [ 253 ], which are polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) ( Figure 18(a) ) [ 253 – 257 ], direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) [ 258 – 260 ], alkaline fuel cell (AFC) [ 261 – 263 ], phosphoric acid methanol fuel cell (PAFC) [ 236 , 237 ], molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) [ 264 – 266 ], and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) [ 267 , 268 ]. Additionally, the reversible fuel cell (RFC) [ 269 – 271 ] attracts great attention, taking advantage of its ability to produce electricity as well as store excess energy in the form of hydrogen.…”

“…, buses and locomotives) as well. But, PAFCs are large, heavy-weight, and expensive [ 236 , 237 ]. The MCFC uses a molten carbonate salt as the electrolyte.…”