Perfluorinated compounds – Exposure assessment for the general population in western countries

Fromme, Hermann; Tittlemier, Sheryl A.; Völkel, Wolfgang; Wilhelm, Michael; Twardella, Dorothee

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.007

Cited by 839 publications

(610 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…It is possible that the high levels of PFHxA found in this study reflect exposure to PFHxA precursors that were metabolized to PFHxA in situ, rather than to PFHxA itself. In fact, the extremely high levels of PFHxA found in the brain and lung in that study are consistent with possible inhalation exposure to the C6-FTOH, which has been shown to be present in ambient air at levels of up to 196 pg/m 3 [32]. Given the fact that the subjects in the Spanish study were co-exposed to PFHxA and to both C6-PFC and long-chain PFC during life, untangling the contributions of each of these exposures to the observed tissue levels would be extremely difficult and would confound any comparison with pharmacokinetic studies conducted with purified PFHxA in animals.…”

Section: Pfhxa Biomonitoring Datasupporting

confidence: 85%

C6-Perfluorinated Compounds: The New Greaseproofing Agents in Food Packaging

Rice

2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

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Due to their oleophobic and hydrophobic properties and stability, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are used in many applications, particularly as greaseproofing agents for food contact. However, PFCs 8-carbons in length or greater (C8-PFCs) have raised concerns regarding environmental biopersistence, bioaccumulation in humans, and potent toxicity that have resulted in their gradual phase-out for food contact use. Industry has replaced C8-PFCs with shorter-chained C6-based greaseproofing agents, which are intended to have the same favorable physicochemical properties without the problematic toxicological effects in humans and wildlife. Compared with the large body of data available for C8 compounds, however, the available database on toxicity and exposure to the C6 compounds is fairly limited. This article summarizes the information in this database, focusing on aspects of human exposure and potential health risks associated with two types of C6 PFCs found in food packaging: perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and 6-2 fluorotelomer alcohol (C6-FTOH).

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Section: Pfhxa Biomonitoring Datasupporting

confidence: 85%

C6-Perfluorinated Compounds: The New Greaseproofing Agents in Food Packaging

Rice

2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

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“…For example, exposure assessments published for PFOA and PFOS in Germany and for estrogenic hormones in the USA concluded that the contribution of drinking water for the general population was only in the order of 0.7-2% of the total daily intake of the general population (Fromme et al 2009;Caldwell et al 2010). Another example is pharmaceuticals.…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

Houtman

2010

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

192

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An increasing part of drinking water in Europe is prepared from surface water. At the same time, a growing number of emerging contaminants is being discovered in surface water. This review provides an overview of classes of emerging contaminants nowadays detected in the aquatic environment that are of relevance for drinking water production. These comprise e.g. endocrine disrupting compounds, such as hormones and compounds with hormone-like properties, pharmaceuticals, illicit and non-controlled drugs, sweeteners, personal care products, complexing agents, nanoparticles, perfluorinated compounds, flame retardants, pesticides, and fuel additives. The individual compounds are observed in concentrations that are generally considered too low to cause acute effects. Nevertheless, health effects due to long-term exposure to a mixture of low concentrations of all kinds of emerging contaminants cannot be excluded with current knowledge. Moreover, contamination of drinking water with man-made substances is considered unwanted in principle. The precautionary principle is used to motivate that prevention of emission of emerging contaminants into the environment is the preferred approach to safeguard sustainable drinking water production. In the mean time, extensive monitoring of the sources and development and application of advanced treatment techniques are used to prepare safe drinking water.

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“…The main routes for human exposure to PFAAs include ingestion of dust, food and drinking water consumption, and inhalation of PFAAs-contaminated air (Fromme et al, 2009;D'Hollander et al, 2010). A number of studies have reported that household dust contains PFAAs (Björklund et al, 2009;Goosey and Harrad, 2011;Fraser et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in indoor and outdoor dusts around a mega fluorochemical industrial park in China: Implications for human exposure

Lü

Wang

et al. 2016

Environment International

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The manufacture of fluorochemicals can lead to high levels of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) contaminating the surrounding environment and consequently elevated exposure to the local residents. In this study, measurements of PFAAs associated with indoor and outdoor dusts around a mega fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) were made. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (C4-C7 PFCAs) were the predominant forms in all samples. The signature of the PFAAs in dusts in the local area matched that found within the FIP complex. The contamination plume in the local area could be linked to the prevailing wind direction starting from the FIP. The dust concentrations decreased exponentially with distance from the FIP (noticeably in the first 5 km). PFAAs contamination could be detected at the furthest location, 20 km away from the FIP. The concentrations of PFAAs were higher in indoor dust (73-13,500 ng/g, median: 979 ng/g) than those in outdoor dust (5-9495 ng/g, median: 62 ng/g) at every location. The highest estimated daily intake of PFOA via dust ingestion (26.0 ng/kg·bw/day) was for toddlers (2-5 years) living 2 km away from the FIP, which is posing human health risk, though exposure remains within the provisional tolerable daily intake values.

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Perfluorinated compounds – Exposure assessment for the general population in western countries

Cited by 839 publications

References 114 publications

C6-Perfluorinated Compounds: The New Greaseproofing Agents in Food Packaging

C6-Perfluorinated Compounds: The New Greaseproofing Agents in Food Packaging

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in indoor and outdoor dusts around a mega fluorochemical industrial park in China: Implications for human exposure

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