Percutaneous penetration of hair dyes

Wolfram, L. J.; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1007/bf00404323

Cited by 60 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Maternal use of hair dyes has been related to increased risks of childhood cancer (19,20), and several dye substances have been found to be mutagenic (4) and to be absorbed through the skin (16,17) and placenta (80). These findings might indicate that occupational exposure to hair dyes is a risk factor for childhood cancers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also reported another study in which it appeared that washing the hair 40 min after application reduced the amount of skin penetration of 2,s-diaminotoluene to 0.2%. Scalp penetration by several semipermanent and oxidative hair dyes was reported not to exceed 1 % of the applied dose (17). To reduce dermal exposure, many hairdressers use protective gloves (4).…”

Section: Hair Dyeingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive disorders due to chemical exposure among hairdressers

Kersemaekers¹,

Roeleveld²,

Zielhuis³

1995

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Kersemaekers WM, Roeleveld N, Zielhuis GA. Reproductive disorders due to chemical exposure among hairdressers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1995;21:325-34.The evidence for reproductive disorders due to chemical exposure among hairdressers was evaluated. To this end, a literature study was conducted on Medline for the years 1985-1993. Reproductive disorders in humans were described for solvents such as ethanol and dichloromethane found mainly in hair sprays. Reproductive effects of several dye formulations, ethylene glycol ethers, nitrosamines, formaldehyde, hexachlorophene, and phthalic esters cannot be excluded, but few human data on low concentrations of these agents were available. Associatioris with menstrual disorders and spontaneous abortions were found in epidemiologic studies focused on hairdressers. Other studies showed inconsistent results, probably due to methodological shortcomings (misclassification of exposure, small sample sizes). It is concluded that there is little evidence for reproductive disorders among hairdressers to date. Limited availability of human data and unknown effects of chemical mixtures call for future research focused on human reproductive risks among hairdressers with emphasis on exposure assessment in the hairdressing salon.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hair Dyeingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive disorders due to chemical exposure among hairdressers

Kersemaekers¹,

Roeleveld²,

Zielhuis³

1995

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…There are reports that hair dye products can cause skin inflammation in ears, neck and shoulders [3][4][5][6]. Also notable are the frequent complaints on the hair dye-induced hair loss [7] and the concern over carcinogenicity associated with percutaneous absorption of toxic ingredients [8][9][10][11]. However, few studies have addressed hair dyeinduced dermatitis and hair loss adequately and causative ingredients have never been elucidated clearly, to our best knowledge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Hydrogen peroxide and monoethanolamine are the key causative ingredients for hair dye-induced dermatitis and hair loss

Seo

Bae

Jang

et al. 2012

Journal of Dermatological Science

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“…According to previous studies with phenol, ~4% of the total topical dose was ultimately absorbed through the skin, at a rate of 0.25% per hour 69 . When hair dyes are used on the scalp, resorcinol is systemically absorbed at 0.076% of the total applied dose 70 , although the highest concentration reached in the epidermis is unknown. In addition, the majority of individuals do not depigment after exposure, and a large subset of exposed subjects develop lesions remote from the site of exposure.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Chemical-induced Vitiligomentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical-Induced Vitiligo

Harris

2017

Dermatologic Clinics

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Synopsis Chemical-induced depigmentation of the skin has been recognized for over 75 years, first as an occupational hazard but then extending to those using household commercial products as common as hair dyes. Since their discovery, these chemicals have been used therapeutically in patients with severe vitiligo to depigment their remaining skin and improve their appearance. The importance of recognizing this phenomenon was highlighted during an outbreak of vitiligo in Japan during the summer of 2013, when over 16,000 users of a new skin lightening cosmetic cream developed skin depigmentation at the site of contact with the cream and many in remote areas as well. Depigmenting chemicals appear to be analogs of the amino acid tyrosine that disrupt melanogenesis and result in autoimmunity and melanocyte destruction. Because chemical-induced depigmentation is clinically and histologically indistinguishable from non-chemically induced vitiligo, and because these chemicals appear to induce melanocyte autoimmunity, this phenomenon should be known as “chemical-induced vitiligo”, rather than less accurate terms that have been previously used.

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Percutaneous penetration of hair dyes

Cited by 60 publications

References 1 publication

Reproductive disorders due to chemical exposure among hairdressers

Reproductive disorders due to chemical exposure among hairdressers

Hydrogen peroxide and monoethanolamine are the key causative ingredients for hair dye-induced dermatitis and hair loss

Chemical-Induced Vitiligo

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