Percutaneous Absorption of Explosives and Related Compounds: An Empirical Model of Bioavailability of Organic Nitro Compounds from Soil

Reifenrath, William G.; Kammen, Harold O.; Palmer, Winifred G.; Major, Michael M.; Leach, Glenn J.

doi:10.1006/taap.2002.9436

Cited by 33 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Interpreted correctly, their results merely confirm that there is no layering effect in the absence of layering. A portion of the results reported by Reifenrath et al (2002) also appears to conflict with previous evidence on the effect of loading on absorption. Fractional absorption of TNT apparently did not differ in a statistically significant fashion among the three soil loads employed (1.7, 5.3, and 10 mg/ cm 2 ).…”

Section: Layering Effectsmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…As discussed above, presentation of results as percent absorbed without discussion of loading conditions is inappropriate. In the majority of the reviewed empirical investigations, absorption was reported as percentage of initial dose applied even though soil loading rates were above monolayer (Poiger and Schlatter 1980;Abdel-Rahman et al, 1989, 2002Shu et al, 1988;Yang et al, 1989;Skowronski et al, 1988Skowronski et al, , 1989Skowronski et al, , 1990Skowronski et al, , 1994Skowronski et al, , 2000USEPA 1991;Turkall et al, 1994;Kadry et al, 1995;Hughes et al, 1995;Qiao et al, 1997;Roy et al, 1998;Poet et al, 2000aPoet et al, , b, 2002Qiao and Riviere, 2000;Mayes et al, 2002;Reifenrath et al, 2002).…”

Section: Nickelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Singh 2001; Reifenrath et al, 2002;Touraille et al, 2005;Lowney et al, 2007). Even though most of these studies report only unadjusted percent absorbed, which should not be reported without qualification, fluxes can be calculated (see Table 3).…”

Section: Nickelmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Dermal absorption of environmental contaminants from soil and sediment: a critical review

Spalt

Kissel

Shirai

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Layering Effectsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Nickelmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dermal absorption of environmental contaminants from soil and sediment: a critical review

Spalt

Kissel

Shirai

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Methods for the determination of evaporation and penetration with pig skin have been published (Reifenrath et al 2002). These procedures were used for cattle skin, with the following notes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Skin Absorption and Fly Toxicity of Permethrin in Emulsion Formulation

Reifenrath

2007

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the course of developing new formulations for fly control, we examined the skin disposition of insecticide permethrin, using excised pig skin and evaporation/penetration cells. This model has been shown to be predictive of human skin absorption (Reifenrath et al. 1984;Reifenrath and Hawkins 1986). Since permethrin formulations are intentionally applied to the skin of livestock, we also studied the disposition on cattle skin using similar methods. In many cases, dermal absorption studies of pesticides are conducted in simple solvents, such as acetone or ethanol (Shah et al. 1987), and may not be representative of skin absorption from other types of vehicles. Dust formulations of pesticides are frequently used for fly control in livestock. Emulsifiable concentrates (EC) are diluted and water and the resultant emulsion is applied as space sprays to inanimate surfaces as well as to livestock. Therefore, we determined the evaporation and skin penetration characteristics of permethrin in ethanol solution, clay dust (cattle skin only), and emulsion vehicles. Since the evaporation and skin penetration properties of the insect repellent N,Ndiethyl-m-toluamide or DEET have been extensively studied, we included this compound in our study for reference purposes.Finally, as a parallel to the skin absorption measurements, we examined the knock-down ability of permethrin formulations against house flies. Formulations which enhanced mammalian dermal absorption may also have enhanced insect absorption and toxicity. Materials and Methods[ 14 C-carbonyl]N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide was originally synthesized by New England Nuclear, Boston, MA and repurified by Moravek Biochemicals, Brea, CA. [ 14 Cbenzyl ring UL] cis, trans permethrin (cis/trans ratio 46/ 49) was obtained from Sigma, St. Louis, MO. Technical grade permethrin (97%, cis/trans ratio 43/57), and permethrin in emulsifiable concentrate (Permethrin 10% EC 2784) were obtained from McLaughlin Gormley King Co. (MGK), Minneapolis, MN. Permethrin analytical standard (cis/trans 46/52) was obtained from Chem Services, West Chester, PA. N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (97%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI. All other chemicals/solvents were of reagent grade.Radiochemical purities were determined by HPLC/ radiometric flow detector by the manufacturer (95% for permethrin, 99.3% for DEET) and similarly re-determined in-house at the conclusion of this study (95% for permethrin in EC, 100.3% for DEET in ethanol solution). HPLC conditions for permethrin analysis were as follows: the solvent methanol:water (85:15) was pumped under isocratic conditions through a C18 column (Discovery C18, 15 cm · 4.6 mm, 5 l) using a Spectra Physics SP8800 pump. Column effluent was monitored at a wavelength of 254 nm. The UV monitor output was processed with a PC using Turbochrome software (Perkin Elmer). A Perkin Elmer NCI 900 was used to interface the monitor with the PC. A Spectra-Physics SP8780XR auto sampler with an Alltech 500 lL sample loop was used to inject 25 lL samples onto the column. Und...

show abstract

“…However, water solubility is not the only factor according to Williams et al (2005), who suggested that sweat influences the permeation. In their study, no change in permeation through the skin was observed for chlorporyfos, which has a water solubility value lower than isoproturon, while an increase of the permeation through the skin was noted for 2,6-dinitrotoluene, with a water solubility value higher than isoproturon (Reifenrath et al 2002). Additional factors to water solubility and sweat influence the permeation through the two layers, such as the selected temperature for the assays (Evans et al 2001;Zimmermann et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Human skin in vitro permeation of bentazon and isoproturon formulations with or without protective clothing suit

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Percutaneous Absorption of Explosives and Related Compounds: An Empirical Model of Bioavailability of Organic Nitro Compounds from Soil

Cited by 33 publications

References 17 publications

Dermal absorption of environmental contaminants from soil and sediment: a critical review

Dermal absorption of environmental contaminants from soil and sediment: a critical review

Enhanced Skin Absorption and Fly Toxicity of Permethrin in Emulsion Formulation

Human skin in vitro permeation of bentazon and isoproturon formulations with or without protective clothing suit

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About