Human skin in vitro permeation of bentazon and isoproturon formulations with or without protective clothing suit

Berthet, Aurélie; Hopf, Nancy B.; Miles, Alexandra; Spring, Philipp; Charrière, Nicole; Garrigou, Alain; Baldi, Isabelle; Vernez, David

doi:10.1007/s00204-013-1087-4

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…The state of the chemical, i.e. , solid, liquid, or gas, affects the chances of pesticide penetration into the body [ 25 ]. Liquid or gas products can get into the body through all three routes of entry, whereas solids tend to have a lower chance of entry through the lungs.…”

Section: Classification Of Toxicity By Route Of Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers’ Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention

Damalas

Koutroubas

2016

Toxics

484

300

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Synthetic pesticides are extensively used in agriculture to control harmful pests and prevent crop yield losses or product damage. Because of high biological activity and, in certain cases, long persistence in the environment, pesticides may cause undesirable effects to human health and to the environment. Farmers are routinely exposed to high levels of pesticides, usually much greater than those of consumers. Farmers' exposure mainly occurs during the preparation and application of the pesticide spray solutions and during the cleaning-up of spraying equipment. Farmers who mix, load, and spray pesticides can be exposed to these chemicals due to spills and splashes, direct spray contact as a result of faulty or missing protective equipment, or even drift. However, farmers can be also exposed to pesticides even when performing activities not directly related to pesticide use. Farmers who perform manual labor in areas treated with pesticides can face major exposure from direct spray, drift from neighboring fields, or by contact with pesticide residues on the crop or soil. This kind of exposure is often underestimated. The dermal and inhalation routes of entry are typically the most common routes of farmers' exposure to pesticides. Dermal exposure during usual pesticide handling takes place in body areas that remain uncovered by protective clothing, such as the face and the hands. Farmers' exposure to pesticides can be reduced through less use of pesticides and through the correct use of the appropriate type of personal protective equipment in all stages of pesticide handling.

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Section: Classification Of Toxicity By Route Of Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers’ Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention

Damalas

Koutroubas

2016

Toxics

484

300

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“…Commercial products and formulations contain ingredients that may reduce or facilitate permeation. We have previously observed this with pesticide and their formulations such as isoproturon (Berthet et al, 2014). This could potentially be described by the thermodynamic activity of TF in the different formulations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Tolylfluanid permeates human skin slowly and as dimethylamino sulfotoluidid (DMST)

2020

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Tolylfluanid (TF) is a sensitizing biocide used in antifouling products and wood preservatives. Paint application is associated with skin exposure; however, the importance of this exposure route is uncertain as TF skin permeation rates are lacking in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. TF is a lipophilic powder that hydrolyses rapidly in contact with water to dimethylamino sulfotoluidid (DMST). DMST is also a TF metabolite. We characterized TF and DMST skin permeation using an ex vivo flow-through diffusion system with viable and frozen human skin. TF permeated as DMST with a low permeation rate (0.18±0.05 µg/cm 2 /h) and a moderate time lag (7.1±1.4 h) in viable human skin. Applying DMST gave a 3.5-fold lower permeation rate (0.05±0.01 µg/cm 2 /h) compared to TF under a similar experimental setting. We simulated paint activities in an exposure chamber to understand a possible skin exposure from airborne TF concentrations. Although, paint can deposit onto the skin during work activities, TF permeation when paint was applied to human skin ex vivo was very low (as TF: 0.004±0.005 µg/cm 2 /h, and as DMST: 0.02±0.001 µg/cm 2 /h). Our results show that TF can permeate skin, and consequently, can contribute to sensitization, which support previous reports on sensitization in TF exposed workers.

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“…Even though it is known that agricultural workers are mainly exposed via skin, none of the studies considered here included exposure determinants to assess specifically the skin exposure. Furthermore, in vitro studies have shown that skin permeation varies depending on the PPP formulation and the dose [ 11 ]. The American Health Study (AHS) included dermal exposure assessed as PPE status (e.g., long sleeves, gloves, and goggles.).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the main exposure route in agricultural workers is skin exposure (around 90% of exposure) followed by inhalation (around 10% of exposure) [ 4 , 10 ]. Moreover, workers are exposed to different formulations of products (the active ingredient and other ingredients like formulants) [ 11 ]. The different formulations can have a different kinetic effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Pesticide Exposure in Occupational Studies: A Meta-Analysis

Oltramare

Médiouni

Shoman

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Few epidemiological studies use exposure determinants specifically tailored to assess pesticide or plant protection product (PPP) exposures when assessing presumed association between occupational exposure and health outcomes among agricultural workers. This lack of exposure specificity could lead to results that fail to detect an association. It could be related to the lack of consensus on exposure assessment methods and the choice of exposure determinants. We conducted a meta-analysis following the PRISMA checklist to identify PPP exposure determinants used in occupational studies and identified exposure determinants that best characterized agricultural exposures to PPPs. Out of 1436 studies identified, 71 were included. The exposure determinants identified were active ingredients, chemical classes, types of PPP, crops, tasks, frequencies, duration, lifetime exposure days, and intensity-weighted exposure days. Only six over 17 associations between exposure determinants and health outcomes were found with moderate quality of evidence. Overall, epidemiological studies had difficulty defining relevant determinants to characterize PPP exposures for agricultural workers. We recommend that a standardized list of determinants for PPP exposures in occupational exposure studies should include information on formulations, intensity, duration, and frequency of PPP exposure. Harmonized data collection on exposure and health outcomes are required as well as standard units for each exposure determinant.

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Human skin in vitro permeation of bentazon and isoproturon formulations with or without protective clothing suit

Cited by 20 publications

References 40 publications

Farmers’ Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention

Farmers’ Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention

Tolylfluanid permeates human skin slowly and as dimethylamino sulfotoluidid (DMST)

Determinants of Pesticide Exposure in Occupational Studies: A Meta-Analysis

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