Perceptual conditions of association.

Asch, Solomon E.; Ceraso, John; Heimer, Walter

doi:10.1037/h0093755

Cited by 56 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…This manipulation has a long history in research performed by developmental psychologists and vision scientists, and has repeatedly led to the outcome of better immediate and long-term memory for color-shape relationships when the two are spatially unified (Ceraso, Kourtzi, & Ray, 1998;Hale & Piper, 1973;Spiker & Cantor, 1980;Walker & Cuthbert, 1998;Wilton, 1989). Multiple permutations of the basic paradigm have led to widespread support for the "unitization" proposal of Asch, Ceraso, and Heimer (1960), or what has come to be called "object-based" perception: that individual features are more readily bound and retained when they appear to form parts of a single object (see Luck & Vogel, 1997 for confirmation in a working memory task). We thus predicted lower accuracy in the source memory task of remembering object-color relationships when the stimuli consist of monochrome objects surrounded by colored frames than when the objects are themselves colored.…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual difficulty in source memory encoding and retrieval: Prefrontal versus parietal electrical brain activity

Kuo

Petten

2008

Neuropsychologia

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It is well established that source memory retrieval -remembering relationships between a core item and some additional attribute of an event -engages prefrontal cortex (PFC) more than simple item memory. In event-related potentials (ERPs), this is manifest in a late-onset difference over PFC between studied items which mandate retrieval of a second attribute, and unstudied items which can be immediately rejected. Although some sorts of attribute conjunctions are easier to remember than others, the role of source retrieval difficulty on prefrontal activity has received little attention. We examined memory for conjunctions of object shape and color when color was an integral part of the depicted object, and when monochrome objects were surrounded by colored frames. Source accuracy was reliably worse when shape and color were spatially separated, but prefrontal activity did not vary across the object-color and frame-color conditions. The insensitivity of prefrontal ERPs to this perceptual manipulation of difficulty stands in contrast to their sensitivity to encoding task: deliberate voluntary effort to integrate objects and colors during encoding reduced prefrontal activity during retrieval, but perceptual organization of stimuli did not. The amplitudes of ERPs over parietal cortex were larger for frame-color than object-color stimuli during both study and test phases of the memory task. Individual variability in parietal ERPs was strongly correlated with memory accuracy, which we suggest reflects a contribution of visual working memory to long-term memory. We discuss multiple bottlenecks for source memory performance. KeywordsSource memory; Prefrontal cortex; Object-based; Difficulty; Working memory Episodic memory is defined as inherently relational, or as Schacter and Tulving (1994, p. 28) put it, consisting of "multifeature representations in which numerous different kinds of information -spatial, temporal, contextual, and so forth -are bound together". However, different memory tests require retrieval of more or less information for successful performance. At one extreme are old/new recognition tests that require only an assessment of whether a stimulus was presented sometime in the laboratory experiment. In contrast, source memory tests are those that probe relational information more closely: what voice spoke a word, where was an object viewed, what color was a picture, was an action executed or only imagined, etc. (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay, 1993). In these tests, memory for the core event -the word, object, or picture -is considered item memory, and source accuracy is defined by accurate retrieval of the additional information associated with that item. Introspection suggests that the * Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States. E-mail address: cvanpett@binghamton.edu (C. Van Petten). NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNeuropsychologia. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 July 1. Published in final edited form as:Neuropsych...

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Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual difficulty in source memory encoding and retrieval: Prefrontal versus parietal electrical brain activity

Kuo

Petten

2008

Neuropsychologia

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“…In this work, I was influenced by Solomon Asch's www.annualreviews.org • Evolution of a Cognitive Psychologistthesis that memory was an incidental byproduct of the person organizing the materials into a perceptual or conceptual unity or whole (Asch 1969, Asch et al 1960. By one or another means, people come to view disparate elements as inseparable parts of a single unit.…”

Section: Organizational Factors In Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of a Cognitive Psychologist: A Journey from Simple Behaviors to Complex Mental Acts

Bower

2008

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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The author summarizes his evolving interests from conditioning studies within a behaviorist orientation, thence to human memory, knowledge representation, and narrative understanding and memory. Arguing that the study of skilled reading provides a microcosm for revealing cognitive processes, he illustrates this by reviewing his research on the use of spatial priming to investigate readers' on-line updating of their situational models of texts. Conceptual entities close to the reader's focus of attention within the model are readily retrieved. Retrieval speed from memory declines with the probed object's distance from the current focus and decays with time elapsed in the narrative since the item was last in focus. The focus effect varies with the character's perspective, his status in the story, his active goals, and other factors. The results are accommodated within an associative network model distinguishing just-read sentences in short-term memory from activated portions of long-term memory structures to which they refer.

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“…This means that expressional and facial recognition should be equivalent. In fact, Asch, Ceraso, and Heimer (1960) demonstrated that both parts and wholes are remembered equally. The fact that expressional recognition is poorer than facial recognition would argue against a configurational interpretation of face perception.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The recognition of faces and expressions

Cohen-Pager

Brosgole

1992

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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The accuracy offace recognition was compared with that for expressional recognition. A series of 16 pictures of faces was presented for inspection. The series comprised 8 pictures of smiling faces and 8 pictures of neutral faces. The expressions were presented in random order in Condition 1. Condition 2 involved the block presentation of expression. In a recognition test that followed 5 days later, the levels of both facial and expressional recognition were assessed. Face recognition was significantly better than expressional recognition under both conditions. In addition, Condition 1 produced significantly better expressional recognition than did Condition 2. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.Various studies have shown that features contained in the upper portion of the face are used more reliably for purposes of facial recognition and identification than lower region features are. Such studies cut across the infant, child, and adult literature.With regard to infants, Bushnell (1982) used a habituationrecovery design to show that 5-week-old babies were capable of discriminating between photographs of their mothers and of strangers. These babies were able to discriminate between mothers and strangers by processing certain contour information, specifically, the boundary separating the hair from the face. By the 19th week of age, infants came to rely on information regarding the eyes in making such discriminations. These findings were fully consistent with the face scanning data of Hainline (1978) and Maurer and Salapatek (1976). Thus, it would appear that the features located in the upper half of the face contained all of the information that infants required for face recognition. Similar findings were obtained with young children.Goldstein and Mackenberg (1966) tested kindergarten, first -, and fifth-grade children for recognition of familiar faces. The children were shown pictures of 13 of their classmates, whom they had to identify. However, each of the 13 pictures was masked in a different fashion. The highest recognition levels were obtained for pictures in which the eyes and hair were exposed in some combination, and low recognition levels were gotten with the exposure of lower region feature combinations. There have been similar findings for adults.McKelvie (1976) used a masking procedure with adults to assess their ability to recognize pictures of previously exposed unfamiliar faces. He found that whereas masking the eyes seriously impaired face recognition, masking the mouth had virtually no detrimental effect. Although it is clear in the literature that subjects perform accurately on This research is based on a dissertation that was submitted in partial fulfIllment of the doctoral requirements at St. John's University. Requests for reprints should be sent to L. Brosgole, Psychology Laboratory, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439. face recognition tasks by using features located in the upper half of the face, a question emerges with respect to the extent to which the feat...

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Perceptual conditions of association.

Cited by 56 publications

References 1 publication

Perceptual difficulty in source memory encoding and retrieval: Prefrontal versus parietal electrical brain activity

Perceptual difficulty in source memory encoding and retrieval: Prefrontal versus parietal electrical brain activity

The Evolution of a Cognitive Psychologist: A Journey from Simple Behaviors to Complex Mental Acts

The recognition of faces and expressions

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