“…However, as Smith () and Christman and McClellan (, p. 3) argued ‘gender identity and leadership are more complex than to simply fit them into one gender construction model or another’. They and others recognized that expansive and restrictive workplace practices impact positively or negatively on women receiving vertical promotions (Bird, ; Bruckmüller and Branscombe, ; Carlson and Crawford, ; Christman and McClellan, ; Dominici et al ., ; Eagly, ; Ellström et al ., ; Fuller and Unwin, ; Gustavsson and Fogelberg Eriksson, ; Leathwood, ; Paechter, ; Risman, ).…”