Perception of terrain drop-offs as a function of L-R viewpoint separation in stereoscopic video

Abstract

Military missions often require drivers to maneuver across hazardous, off-road terrain using visual displays rather than direct vision. When soldiers use 2D displays, significantly more mobility errors occur than when soldiers use 3D displays that provide a stereoscopic view of the terrain. The purposes of the present experiment were to quantify the visual forewarning of a drop-off provided by a stereoscopic 3D display compared to a 2D display, and to measure the potential of increased camera separation (i.e., hyperstereo) for enhancing the benefit of 3D for the detection of terrain drop-offs. This experiment consisted of four viewing conditions: 0X (the 2D condition), 1X (stereo with the normal interpupillary distance [IPD] between the viewpoints provided to the two eyes), 2X (stereo with twice the normal IPD), and 3X (stereo with three times the normal IPD). Thirty-two participants viewed 80 video clips, each clip depicting an approach to a terrain drop-off as would be seen in a daytime driving situation. As soon as the drop-off became apparent, he or she pressed a brake pedal. As expected, the average detection time for drop-offs viewed with 1X (stereo display) was significantly better than when drop-offs were viewed with the 0X (2D) display. The failure to observe further improvements in task performance with 2X and 3X IPD suggests follow-on research to determine whether these unexpected hyperstereo results may be attributable to adverse side effects of hyperstereo: increased mismatch between accommodation and convergence, the minification effect, and increased stereoscopic "frame violation."

Stereoscopic cell visualization: from mesoscopic to molecular scale

“…42 There are different approaches that should be taken into account for future developments. Negative parallax-which is the area between the projection plane A projection and the near plane A near -has to be omitted.…”

Hyperstereo algorithms for the perception of terrain drop-offs

“…A complete description of the video capture methods used in these experiments is given in [7] and is summarized here. The video clips used were collected with commercially available off-the-shelf cameras and recorders with 4:1:1 NTSC digital signal flow being the standard (mini-DV, digital-8).…”

A novel 3D display using multi-hyperstereo image stitching

“…Use of hyperstereo displays on the other hand may be limited in application because of perceptual effects related to viewing unnatural left and right eye correspondences [6]. More positive reception of visual information using hyperstereo displays has been identified in tasks that do not involve operation within one's personal space (defined here to be less than 20-m).…”

“…The use of stereo vision has been previously shown to be beneficial to users who typically relied on traditional 2-D displays for presentation of visual information for arm or device manipulation or terrain hazards [3], [6]. Use of hyperstereo displays on the other hand may be limited in application because of perceptual effects related to viewing unnatural left and right eye correspondences [6].…”