Perceived Threat of COVID-19 Contagion and Frontline Paramedics’ Agonistic Behaviour: Employing a Stressor–Strain–Outcome Perspective

Shahzad, Fakhar; Du, Jianguo; Khan, Imran; Fateh, Adnan; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Abbas, Adnan; Wattoo, Muhammad Umair

doi:10.3390/ijerph17145102

Cited by 51 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…Direct contact with COVID-19 patients was associated with poor mental health outcomes, 8,13,31,35,36,43,45,46,47,48 as well as personal fear of infection and perceived threat of contagion. 13,21,22,27,32,37,49,50,51 These adverse outcomes were also seen in HCWs with friends or family with COVID-19 infection 22,32,33,34,49 and in HCWs with colleagues who were hospitalized or died of COVID-19. 39 Further, working in COVID-19 designated hospitals compared to non-designated hospitals 25,49,52 and working in COVID-19 specific isolation wards 13,22,40,45 were associated with poorer mental health outcomes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Mental health of health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and evidence-based frameworks for mitigation: A rapid review

Major

Hlubocky

2021

Preprint

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Background: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the mental health of health care workers (HCWs), and optimal strategies to provide psychological support for HCWs are not currently established. Aims: To rapidly review recently-published literature on the mental health of HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Query of all quantitative research through the PubMed database on the mental health of HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic which utilized validated mental health instruments. 723 articles were screened and 87 articles were included. Results: Nearly all included studies were cross-sectional, survey-based assessments of the prevalence of and risk factors for mental illness. Only one interventional study was identified. Prevalence of mental health outcomes varied widely: 7.0-97.3% anxiety, 10.6-62.1% depression, 2.2-93.8% stress, 3.8-56.6% post traumatic stress, 8.3-88.4% insomnia, and 21.8-46.3% burnout. Risk and protective factors were identified in personal and professional domains, including degree of COVID-19 exposure, adequacy of protective equipment, and perception of organizational support. Conclusions: The myriad risk factors for poor mental health among HCWs suggests that a comprehensive psychosocial support model with individual- and organization-level interventions is necessary. Further longitudinal research on specific evidence-based interventions to mitigate adverse mental health outcomes among HCWs is urgently needed as the pandemic continues.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Mental health of health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and evidence-based frameworks for mitigation: A rapid review

Major

Hlubocky

2021

Preprint

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“…These studies indicate that threat orientation impacts how an individual responds to a fear appeal. 43 Thus, we hypothesize the following:…”

Section: Perceived Threat and Fear Arousalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perceived efficacy is also an important determinant of the fear aroused by the threat of a disease, ie, ability to control fear increases as perceived efficacy increases. 43,44 An empirical study by Shi & Smith 4 found that people engage in danger control processes (ie, fear control processes) when they perceive that their selfefficacy is higher than the threat. Thus, we propose the following hypothesis:…”

Section: Perceived Efficacy and Fear Arousalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease Prevention Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Role of Self-Esteem: An Extended Parallel Process Model

Lin¹,

Chen²

2021

PRBM

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Objective: The COVID-19 outbreak has become a serious public health problem worldwide. The purpose of this study was to use an extended parallel process model (EPPM) to understand factors in COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Methods: This cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted on 1012 participants in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire and an online survey were used to collect data. Results: The EPPM revealed that the severity of the COVID-19 threat perceived by respondents directly affected the arousal of fear in the respondents (β=0.268, t=9.007, p<0.001), but perceived efficacy did not (β=−0.019, t=−0.619, p>0.05); additionally, fear arousal was significantly associated with COVID-19 prevention behaviors (β=0.119, t=4.603, p<0.001). Regarding personal characteristics, self-esteem moderated the relationship between perceived threat and fear arousal. However, the moderating effect of self-esteem was stronger in people with low self-esteem compared to those with high self-esteem (β=0.606, −0.472; t=26.303, −17.694; p<0.001, p<0.001; respectively). The results of this study also indicated that two demographic characteristics (age and gender) affect COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Conclusion: When developing healthcare policies and community interventions for improving COVID-19 prevention behaviors during an outbreak, healthcare administrators should carefully consider the main constructs of the EPPM, particularly personal characteristics (ie, self-esteem) and demographic characteristics (ie, age and gender).

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“…This includes nurses taking care of COVID-19 patients at the scenes of COVID-19 contaminations, where they must wear protective equipment for long hours, leaving marks on their faces [ 4 ]. However, as COVID-19 has been continuing interminably, health care workers are encountering hardships in carrying out their jobs [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hearing the Voices of Wingless Angels: A Critical Content Analysis of Nurses’ COVID-19 Experiences

Araslı

Furunes

Jafari

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The world has been affected by an outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Health care workers are among those most at risk of contracting the virus. In the fight against the coronavirus, nurses play a critical role. Still, most social media platforms demonstrate that nurses fear that their health is not being prioritized. The purpose of this study is to investigate nurses’ experiences through analyzing the main themes shared on Instagram by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast with highly structured research, the current paper highlights nurses’ natural language use in describing their experiences during the first months of the outbreak in their workplace. Instagram captions were utilized as a data source. Leximancer was utilized for the content analysis of nurses’ narratives towards their coronavirus experience. We sought to accomplish three research objectives: the first was to identify the main themes in the descriptions of nurses’ experiences shared via their social media, specifically Instagram; then, to determine the relationships among concepts, and finally, to give useful implications based on the findings. The current study uses a qualitative (i.e., narratives) approach to analyze the main components of the nurses’ experiences during the pandemic. The Leximancer software analysis revealed nine major textual themes and the relationships among these themes. In order of the relative importance, the themes were “patients”, “coronavirus”, “exhaustion”, “family”, “hospital”, “personal protective equipment” (PPE), “shift”, “fear”, and “uncertainty”. The results offer practical implications based on the social media information regarding nurses’ overall experiences.

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Perceived Threat of COVID-19 Contagion and Frontline Paramedics’ Agonistic Behaviour: Employing a Stressor–Strain–Outcome Perspective

Cited by 51 publications

References 102 publications

Mental health of health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and evidence-based frameworks for mitigation: A rapid review

Mental health of health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and evidence-based frameworks for mitigation: A rapid review

Disease Prevention Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Role of Self-Esteem: An Extended Parallel Process Model

Hearing the Voices of Wingless Angels: A Critical Content Analysis of Nurses’ COVID-19 Experiences

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