Perceived severity of smuggling at the border of Táchira-North of Santander: Health Psychology Approach

Riaño-Garzón, Manuel; Raynaud, Nathalie Claire; Albornoz‐Arias, Neida; Mazuera‐Arias, Rina

doi:10.1080/08865655.2018.1457976

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…From 2012 to 2015, Venezuela faced a large amount of smuggling of fuel, machinery and goods. There were many economic and political factors that contributed to this such as subsidized petroleum products, large inflation, huge monetary depreciation, private capital flight and government-regulated priced products (Barredo-Zuriarrain 2022;Cerra 2016;Lander 2016;Purcell 2017;Reinhart and Santos 2016;Riaño-Garzón et al 2020;Rock 2016;Schwartz 2021). We studied the suitability of an extended Solow model to deal with the smuggling economic impact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, there is evidence of smuggling through the borders of Venezuela. In particular, we provided some references in addition to the information provided in newspapers or the people's knowledge (Barredo-Zuriarrain 2022;Cerra 2016;Lander 2016;2017;Reinhart and Santos 2016;Riaño-Garzón et al 2020;Rock 2016;Schwartz 2021). Another limitation or uncertainty of our research is that the income from smuggling was neglected, and therefore, the smuggling works in some way as a depreciation leading to gradual depletion of capital stock.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although we particularize the study to the Venezuela situation, the proposed model can be extended to other countries with similar conditions. Venezuela faced an extraordinary amount of smuggling in the period 2012-2015 due to many economic aspects such as subsidized petroleum products, large inflation, huge monetary depreciation, private capital flight, and government-regulated priced products (Barredo-Zuriarrain 2022;Cerra 2016;Lander 2016;Purcell 2017;Reinhart and Santos 2016;Riaño-Garzón et al 2020;Rock 2016;Schwartz 2021). Thus, studying the impact of smuggling on the economy of Venezuela is highly relevant as a case study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mathematical Modeling of Physical Capital Diffusion Using a Spatial Solow Model: Application to Smuggling in Venezuela

et al. 2022

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This study proposes a mathematical modeling approach for the physical capital diffusion through the borders of countries. Physical capital is considered a crucial variable for the economic growth of a nation. Here, we use an extension of the economic Solow model to describe how smuggling affects the economic growth of countries. In particular, we focus on the situation in Venezuela from 2012 to 2015. In this regard, we rely on a nonconcave production function instead of the classical Cobb–Douglas production function. Moreover, we investigate the effect of different physical capital fluxes on economic growth. The physical capital diffusion through the borders of a country is modeled based on a parabolic partial differential equation describing the dynamics of physical capital and boundary conditions of the Neumann type. Smuggling is present at numerous borders between countries and may include fuel, machinery, and food. This smuggling through the borders places challenges on a particular country’s economy. The smuggling problem usually is related to a non-official exchange rate different from the official rate or subsidies. We study the effect of smuggling on the physical capital of a country using an extended Solow model. Numerical simulations are obtained using an explicit finite difference scheme describing how the physical capital diffusion through the border of a country affects its economic growth. The study of physical capital is a paramount aspect of the economic growth of several countries. The results show that when boundary conditions of Neumann type are different from zero, the dynamics of the physical capital differ from the classical economic behavior observed in the classical spatial Solow model without physical capital flux through the borders of countries. In particular, the numerical results show that the physical capital of a country decreases faster as the flux increases on the boundaries. Thus, we can conclude that avoiding smuggling through the frontiers is a crucial factor affecting economic growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mathematical Modeling of Physical Capital Diffusion Using a Spatial Solow Model: Application to Smuggling in Venezuela

et al. 2022

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“…La situación y problemática descrita anteriormente refleja la falta de acuerdos entre los gobiernos para diseñar estrategias comunes y cooperar para aclarar la articulación económica, política y de inseguridad, entre otras. El tráfico de narcóticos y el contrabando de combustible, alimentos, medicinas, entre otros, son los negocios ilegales que identifican esta frontera (Carreño, 2014;Riaño-Garzón et alii, 2018). La mayor fuente de ingreso del Norte de Santander es el comercio lícito e ilícito con Venezuela, especialmente con las ciudades venezolanas San Antonio, Ureña que bordean la frontera y San Cristóbal que es la capital del Estado Táchira.…”

Section: Otras Informaciones Y Datos Sobre El Territorio Fronterizo Eunclassified

Conflictos en la frontera, los derechos y las políticas de un pacto social

et al. 2019

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Resumen Los conflictos de las fronteras entre naciones y los pactos sociales establecen interacciones entre agentes sociales, derechos y el Estado democrático. El objetivo del artículo es analizar desde el enfoque sociológico, la relación entre la percepción de existencia de pactos sociales y los múltiples conflictos. Investigamos la frontera Norte de Santander (Colombia) y Táchira (Venezuela). El recurso teórico se alía con el punto de vista operativo de la investigación sobre prácticas sociales, con observación de campo y aplicaciones de encuestas. Entre los hallazgos destacamos las múltiples interacciones entre Estado y los ciudadanos, pero sin la existencia de un canal de resolución de cuestiones fundamentales en el espacio territorial y por lo tanto persisten las inconsistentes posibilidades de un pacto social ante los conflictos en el referido contexto fronterizo.

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“…Among the therapeutic alternatives in TBI, we highlight treatments that increase cognitive skills, among which we can mention cognitive stimulation, which consists of performing exercises to increase memory, language and executive functions [6,7] and training in NFB, a technique that relies on the use of hardware and software, aimed at instructing the person to voluntary control of brain electrical activity [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurofeedback Training to Increase of Cognitive Skills in Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Garzón¹

2018

JNSK

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The aim of this case analysis was to study the effect Neurofeedback (NFB) training protocol in attention, memory, verbal fluency and speed in an 18-yearold woman patient who suffered a severe TBI due to major car accident one year ago, who presented disoriented, with both, anterograde memory and attention problems at the time of neuropsychology consultation. Additionally, absence crises, quadrantanopsia and left divergent strabismus was reported.Electroencephalogram study reports a predominance in a right parieto-temporal slow brain activity. Thus, we proposed 20 sessions of neurofeedback training protocol aimed to increase beta wave and inhibit theta wave. After four months, the patient experienced a significant improvements in attention, coding, working memory and processing speed. The cognitive performance improvements was associate, with a slow brain waves percentage decrease, which according to previous research could be related with low blood flow. Copyright: ©2018 Riaño-Garzón et al. Keywords:Wechsler intelligence scale III: [11] an instrument for to calculate the intellectual profile and that was used to evaluate speed of processing, attention and working memory. This instrument offers conversion to scalar scores for each subtest. figure: [12] which was used to evaluate visual memory. Rey complex ProcedureThe intervention program was developed in three phases: a) Evaluation of attention processes, memory and language B) Implementation of NFB Protocol and c) Post-intervention assessment.The NFB program was developed in three sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes. A training NFB protocol was used directed to increase the brain-wave of 12-16 Hz (beta wave) and inhibition the slower brain-wave of 4-7 Hz (theta wave) in a monopolar montage. Twenty training sessions were conducted. ResultsThe NFB training program was useful in increasing visual attention, attentional span, short-term verbal and visual memory, processes where equal to above-average performances are observed according to the participant's age (Table 1). In addition, there were improvements in long-term memory, working memory and verbal fluency; however, these results did not reach the expected levels. Improvements in cognitive performance due to NFB are explained by the modification of the cortical electrical activity, where a decrease in theta wave was observed from an initial percentage of 28.75 to a final percentage of 19.80 ( Figure 1). Visual attention Copyright: ©2018 Riaño-Garzón et al. DiscussionCognitive impairment, especially attention and memory, stands out in the TBI [13], for this reason, the object of study was to increase attention, memory, verbal fluency and speed through a NFB training protocol. The results showed that NFB generated improvement in the cognitive processes of the patient with TBI after a stimulation process of 30 sessions compared to its initial evaluation.The observed increases in visual and auditory attention, coincide with findings of Bernal [14]; Gadea, Aliño, et al. [15], who found signi...

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Perceived severity of smuggling at the border of Táchira-North of Santander: Health Psychology Approach

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Mathematical Modeling of Physical Capital Diffusion Using a Spatial Solow Model: Application to Smuggling in Venezuela

Mathematical Modeling of Physical Capital Diffusion Using a Spatial Solow Model: Application to Smuggling in Venezuela

Conflictos en la frontera, los derechos y las políticas de un pacto social

Neurofeedback Training to Increase of Cognitive Skills in Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

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