Perceived Everyday Discrimination Explains Internalized Racism during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Asians

Wong-Padoongpatt, Gloria; Barrita, Aldo; King, Anthony

doi:10.1080/08964289.2021.2015277

Cited by 17 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Minority stress theory ( 24 ) provides a conceptual framework on how experiences of discrimination (i.e., external oppression) and internalized negative feelings around one's own minority group or identity (i.e., internal oppression) promote poor mental health issues among people of color and minoritized groups. One pathway ( 25 , 26 ) suggests that external oppression leads to psychological distress by internalized oppression. Inspired by multicultural-feminist scholars ( 27 ), another association posits multiple oppressions (e.g., racism and xenophobia, racism and colonialism, racism and sexuality) fuse together to form individual's experiences of discrimination, manifesting as poor mental health or other inadvertently self-deprecating or self-sabotaging behaviors (e.g., delaying or avoiding health care services).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Asian hate: Discordant reporting of race-based hate incidents and unfair treatment and association with measures of wellbeing

Ponce

Adia²,

Banawa

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundDuring COVID-19, anti-Asian discrimination increased in attention. Hate and unfair treatment are related but do not completely overlap. We expect those who report a hate incident would also report race-based unfair treatment, yet feelings of social desirability or self-blame may lead to under-reporting of unfair treatment.ObjectivesTo describe reporting of an experience of race-based hate but not an experience of race-based unfair treatment among Asians in California and explore the association between this reporting discordance with (1) serious psychological distress, (2) forgoing needed medical care, (3) increased household interpersonal conflict, and (4) feeling unsafe in their neighborhood.MethodsWe used the 2020 California Health Interview Survey's AANHPI COVID Module, conducted weighted descriptive and multivariate analyses, and computed adjusted relative risks (RR). The multivariate models controlled for Asian subgroup, age, gender, immigrant status, education level, poverty, and English proficiency.ResultsAmong Asians who reported race-based hate (6.9% overall), 62.4% reported not experiencing race-based unfair treatment. Compared to Asians not reporting a hate incident, this “discordant” group was more likely to experience serious psychological distress (RR = 6.9), forgo necessary medical care (RR = 2.4), increased household interpersonal conflicts (RR = 2.7), and feel unsafe in their neighborhoods (RR = 3.0). The “concordant” group did not post significant effects for severe psychological distress nor forgoing necessary medical care.DiscussionMost Asians reporting hate did not report race-based unfair treatment, and this group is most affected by the consequences of a hate incident. We indicate future directions for research and policy.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Asian hate: Discordant reporting of race-based hate incidents and unfair treatment and association with measures of wellbeing

Ponce

Adia²,

Banawa

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Within the U.S. context specifically, other work shows differences in IR as a function of gender (Brown & Segrist, 2016;cf. Gale et al, 2020), age and education (Brown et al, 2013), socioeconomic status (SES; Taylor et al, 1991), national origin (Molina & James, 2016;Mouzon & McLean, 2016), and race (Wong-Padoongpatt et al, 2022). For example, Taylor et al (1991) found that African American adults higher in SES were less likely to report IR.…”

Section: Socio-demographicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An initial framework for the study of internalized racism and health: Internalized racism as a racism‐induced identity threat response

James

2022

Social & Personality Psych

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Internalized racism (IR) is sometimes conceptualized as a form of racism, a psychological response to experiencing racism, and/or an external sociocultural process. However, while a growing body of work shows that IR is associated with adverse health among racial minorities, this work is limited in explaining this association. I present an integrated framework using the Stigma-induced Identity Threat Model and the Minority Stress Theory Model to help better understand the mechanisms through which IR gets both "under the skin" and "into the mind" to impact health. With this integrated framework, I suggest IR is both a source of raceand racism-related stress and a consequence of experiencing racism that increases risk of adverse health directly, and indirectly via psychological, biophysiological, and behavioral stress responses. Primarily, I argue IR is a racism-induced identity threat response that triggers stress-related psychological (e.g., hopelessness) and biophysiological (e.g., autonomic nervous system activation) responses, and increases engagement in maladaptive coping behaviors (e.g., drug use). These stress responses then operate as mechanisms through which IR is associated with adverse health. I discuss limitations of this initial framework and IR scholarship, along with directions for future research.

show abstract

“…Third, at the intrapersonal level, Chinese/Asian people have internalized stigma and have reported feeling inferior, disrespected, and not wanting to identify with their race 30 .…”

Section: Stigma Toward Chinese/asian Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

The scar that takes time to heal: A systematic review of COVID-19-related stigma targets, antecedents, and outcomes

Zhang¹,

Chen²,

Yao³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

COVID-19, as a crucial public health crisis, has affected our lives in nearly every aspect. Besides its major health threats, COVID-19 brings severe secondary impacts, one of which is the rise of social stigma. Although numerous studies have examined the antecedents and outcomes of COVID-19-related stigma, we still lack a systematic understanding of who is being stigmatized during the COVID-19 pandemic, what exacerbates COVID-19-related stigma, and what impacts COVID-19-related stigma has on victims. Therefore, this review aims to provide a systematic overview of COVID-19-related stigma. With 96 papers conducted with 134,142 individuals in more than 150 countries and territories spanning five continents, we identify three targets that have received the most research: Chinese/Asian people, (suspected) patients and survivors, and healthcare workers. Furthermore, we find that for each stigma target, characteristics of the stigmatized, stigmatizer, and context contribute to COVID-19-related stigma and that this stigma negatively influences victims’ health and non-health outcomes. We call for future research to provide a more integrative, balanced, and rigorous picture of COVID-19-related stigma via conducting research on neglected topics and stigma interventions and using a longitudinal design. In practice, we urge governments and institutions to pay close attention to stigma issues and to promote safe and inclusive societies.

show abstract

Perceived Everyday Discrimination Explains Internalized Racism during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Asians

Cited by 17 publications

References 27 publications

Measuring Asian hate: Discordant reporting of race-based hate incidents and unfair treatment and association with measures of wellbeing

Measuring Asian hate: Discordant reporting of race-based hate incidents and unfair treatment and association with measures of wellbeing

An initial framework for the study of internalized racism and health: Internalized racism as a racism‐induced identity threat response

The scar that takes time to heal: A systematic review of COVID-19-related stigma targets, antecedents, and outcomes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About